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Adult Health Nursing I > Respiratory Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Airway Resistance

A

Constriction – Wheezing

Thickening of mucosa – Inflammation

Obstruction of the airway – Mucus

Loss of lung elasticity – food, tumor, emphysema

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2
Q

Pulmonary Function Testing Purpose

A

Determine the function of the respiratory system

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3
Q

Pulmonary Function Testing Assessment

A

Flow of inspiration/expiration, medical diagnoses, how much air the lungs can hold

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4
Q

Pulmonary Function Testing Patient Preparation

A

Assess for analgesic use, assess for bronchodilators, tell patient not to smoke, have patient empty bladder, remove dentures, do not eat a heavy meal 4-6 hours prior

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5
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

Volume in lungs after maximal inhalation

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6
Q

Normal pH of Human Blood

A

7.35-7.45

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7
Q

Respiratory Alkalosis

A

pH is increased

Headache, lightheadedness, vertigo, mental status changes, paresthesia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, tetany, convulsions

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8
Q

Nursing Interventions of Respiratory Alkalosis

A

Maintain airway

Emotional support

Encourage appropriate breathing pattern

Monitor ventilator

Monitor potassium and calcium medications

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9
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

pH is decreased

More common

Post-op, atelectasis, depression of respiratory status, brain trauma

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10
Q

Respiratory Acidosis Signs and Symptoms

A

Visual disturbances, diaphoresis, cyanosis, hyperkalemia, rapid pulse, dysrhythmia, hypoventilation, mental status change

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11
Q

Nursing Interventions of Respiratory Acidosis

A

Airway, monitor for respiratory distress

Oxygen administration, Semi-Fowlers, TCDB

Hydration, suction

Monitor for electrolytes (especially potassium)

Antibiotics, bronchodilators

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12
Q

Pulse Oximetry

A

SpO2 less than 70% is life-threatening

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13
Q

FiO2

A

Fraction of inspired oxygen

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14
Q

Nasal Cannula

A

Low to moderate concentration (1-6 L) of oxygen, safe and simple, easy to control, allows mobility

Easily dislodged, skin breakdown, mouth breathing makes it useless

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15
Q

Face Mask

A

40-60% FiO2, 5-8 L

High skin breakdown potential, unable to eat, hot, good for mouth breathers

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16
Q

CPAP

A

Continuous positive airway pressure

Used for sleep apnea

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17
Q

BiPap-Bilevel Therapy

A

Low pressure on exhalation, high pressure on inhalation

Adjusts the pressure

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18
Q

Postural Drainage

A

Do not perform if they are bleeding

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19
Q

Allergic Rhinitis and Allergic Conjunctivitis

A

Hay Fever

Caused by antigen/antibody reactions –> increased secretions, decreased ciliary response, and increased capillary permeability

Can lead to secondary bacterial infection

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20
Q

Diagnostic Testing of Hay Fever

A

Interview, observation

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21
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hay Fever

A

Similar to a cold, photophobia, tearing, blurry vision, itchy eyes, swelling of the eyes, inflammation and clear colorless drainage, can’t breathe through the nose, ears full, sneezing, coughing, headache, nosebleeds

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22
Q

Treatment of Hay Fever

A

Antihistamines, decongestants (not long term), corticosteroids, analgesics

Avoid the allergen

Hot packs over facial sinuses

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23
Q

Acute Rhinitis

A

Common cold

Characterized by edema, swelling of the nasal mucosa

Viral in origin

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24
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Rhinitis

A

Thin, serous nasal exudates

Productive cough

Sore throat, fever

Muscle aches, fatigue and loss of appetite

Dyspnea, congestion

Red and swollen throat

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25
Q

Treatment of Acute Rhinitis

A

Monitor vital signs, especially temperature

Analgesics, antipyretics, cough suppressants, expectorants, antibiotics (if infection is present)

Encourage fluids and rest

Humidification

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26
Q

Sinusitis

A

Upper respiratory infection, drainage occlusion

Can be viral, bacterial, or fungal

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27
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Sinusitis

A

Constant, severe headache

Purulent exudate

Malaise, fatigue

Fever

Anorexia due to decreased sense of smell

Facial congestion with edematous eyelids

Throat irritation due to postnasal drip

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28
Q

Treatment of Sinusitis

A

Saline and nasal irrigation to rinse irritants

Nasal corticosteroids to fight inflammation

Oral or injected corticosteroids (only if severe)

Decongestants (only for a few days)

Antibiotics

Analgesics

Surgery (polypectomy)

Vaporizers, moist pack, increase the head of the bed, rest, fluids

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29
Q

Complications of Sinusitis

A

Can spread to cause meningitis, osteomyelitis, septicemia

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30
Q

Acute Pharyngitis

A

Pharynx is inflamed

May be viral or bacterial

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31
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Pharyngitis

A

Fever

Dry cough

Tender, enlarged tonsils with exudate

Enlarged cervical lymph glands

Red, sore throat (scratchy –> severe)

Dysphagia due to severe pain

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32
Q

Diagnosis of Pharyngitis

A

Rapid strep screen (2 swabs)

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33
Q

Treatment of Pharyngitis

A

Antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics

Educate on antibiotics, gargle with salt water, encourage fluids, popsicles, rest, vaporizer, oral hygiene, monitor input and output and temperature

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34
Q

Complications of Pharyngitis

A

Can lead to rheumatic fever, otitis media, sinusitis, and/or glomerulonephritis

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35
Q

Chronic Pharyngitis

A

Caused by irritants, smoking, chronic alcohol ingestion, respiratory/cardio diseases

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36
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Pharyngitis

A

Irritated throat, increased mucus, cough, dysphagia

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37
Q

Treatment of Chronic Pharyngitis

A

Avoid irritant, treat underlying conditions, antihistamines, analgesics, lozenges, hydration

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38
Q

Acute Follicular Tonsillitis

A

Inflammation of the tonsils caused by airborne, foodborne, viral, or bacterial (strep) means

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39
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Follicular Tonsillitis

A

Sore throat

Fever, chills, anorexia

Hypertrophied, purulent tonsils

Enlarged, tender cervical lymph nodes

Muscle aches, malaise

Elevated WBCs

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40
Q

Diagnosis of Tonsillitis

A

Throat swab, observation

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41
Q

Treatment of Tonsillitis

A

Warm saline gargles

Tonsillectomy for recurrent tonsillitis

Oral care to decrease risk of infection

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42
Q

Complications of Tonsillitis

A

Peritonsillar abscess

Nephritis

Rheumatic fever

Carditis

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43
Q

Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Caused by tonsillitis

44
Q

Signs and Symptoms for Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Increasing pain

Difficulty swallowing

Thick secretions

Swollen soft palate

45
Q

Treatment of Peritonsillar Abscess

A

Surgery and antibiotics

46
Q

Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

A

Performed on patients with repeated infections

Performed 4-6 weeks after acute infection

Screen for recent illnesses during Pre-Op

47
Q

Postoperative Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy

A

Hemostasis is most important

Assess swallowing of blood, dripping of blood

Keep head up and slightly tilted to the side

Ice to vasoconstrict and decrease pain impulses

Nutrition should consist of cold liquids, IV, and avoid spicy foods

Avoid coughing, sneezing, nose blowing, and overexertion

Call if increased pain, fever, or bleeding

Hematemesis should be dark, not bright red

48
Q

Laryngitis

A

Secondary to respiratory infection, may lead to respiratory distress

Caused by infection, abuse of vocal cords, inhalation of irritating fumes

49
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Laryngitis

A

Hoarseness, voice loss

Scratchy and irritated throat

Persistent cough

50
Q

Diagnosis of Laryngitis

A

Laryngoscope, edema, drainage, redness

51
Q

Treatment of Laryngitis

A

If viral, wait it out

If bacterial, use antibiotics

Limit use of voice

Warm or cool mist vaporizer

Analgesics

Limit causes

Rest voice

Increase humidity and fluids

52
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of the trachea/bronchial tree

53
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Bronchitis

A

Productive cough, wheezes

Dyspnea and chest pain

Low-grade fever

Malaise, headache

54
Q

Treatment of Acute Bronchitis

A

Cough suppressants, antipyretics, analgesics, bronchodilators

Vaporizers

Encourage fluids and bedrest

Monitor vital signs

55
Q

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)

A

Infection caused by the coronavirus

Spread through contact or airborne

56
Q

Signs and Symptoms of SARS

A

Temperature above 100.4 degrees, headache, aches

After 2-7 days: cough, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, hypoxia

57
Q

Diagnostic Tests for SARS

A

Chest radiograph

Serum antibody testing, tissue cultures

Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs

History of travel within 10 days of onset

58
Q

Treatment of SARS

A

Oxygen, respiratory isolation, corticosteroids, antiviral medications

MUST NOTIFY THE PUBLIC HEALTH DEPARTMENT

59
Q

Causes of Pneumonia

A

Infection (viral, bacterial, fungal)

Oversedation (hypostatic pneumonia, TCDB to prevent, get them up or into sitting position)

Aspiration (stroke, impaired swallowing, alcoholics, GERD)

60
Q

Classifications of Pneumonia

A

Lobar

Bronchopneumonia

Interstitial

61
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia

A

Productive cough, chest pain (bacterial), painful cough (bacterial), rusty sputum (bacterial), fever, chills, increased HR and RR, shallow breaths, cyanosis

Viral is less severe, “walking”

Bacterial is acute and serious

62
Q

Diagnosis of Pneumonia

A

Sputum culture, chest x-ray, WBC

63
Q

Treatment of Pneumonia

A

Antibiotics, codeine, analgesics, bronchodilators, TCDB, Semi-Fowler’s position, splinting, vaccinations

64
Q

Complications of Pneumonia

A

Death, atelectasis, pleural effusion, pericarditis, meningitis, heart failure

65
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapse of the lung tissue related to occlusion of airways

Ventilation/Perfusion mismatch, pressure on the lungs, shallow breathing, abdominal pressure

66
Q

Treatment of Atelectasis

A

Bronchodilators, mucolytic agents, antibiotics, analgesics

TCDB, early ambulation

Respiratory treatments (incentive spirometry, intermittent positive-pressure breathing, oxygen, chest percussion and postural drainage)

Chest tube

67
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the thoracic cavity that affects the lungs’ normal negative-pressure breathing

Caused by trauma, rupture

68
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pneumothorax

A

Decreased breath sounds, sharp chest pain with dyspnea, diaphoresis, tachycardia, tachypnea, no chest movement on affected side, sucking chest wound

69
Q

Diagnosis of Pneumothorax

A

Signs and symptoms, chest x-ray

70
Q

Treatment of Pneumothorax

A

Chest tube to water-seal drainage system, oxygen, analgesics

71
Q

Chest Tube Purpose

A

Continuously drains fluid, blood, or air in the chest cavity

Sutured in place

72
Q

Nursing Interventions for Chest Tubes

A

Monitor VS, pain, lung sounds

Assess for subcutaneous emphysema (crunchy on palpation)

Monitor patency of tube, keep below the level of the chest

TCDB, tape connections

73
Q

Lung Cancer

A

Malignant tumor/tumors anywhere inside the lung

Caused by smoking, occupational hazards, genetics

74
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer

A

Cough, hemoptysis

Dyspnea, wheezing, hoarseness

Chest pain

Fever, chills, repeated URI

Pleural effusion

Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss

75
Q

Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

A

Biopsy, CT scan, bronchoscopy

76
Q

Treatment of Lung Cancer

A

Depends on the stage

Surgery, thoracotomy, segmental resection, lobectomy, pneumonectomy (no chest tube afterwards)

Radiation, chemotherapy

77
Q

Pre-Op Interventions for Lung Cancer

A

Encourage, educate, VS, monitor tracheal deviation, pain meds

78
Q

Post-Op Interventions for Lung Cancer

A

Pain meds, education, bronchodilators, clears to high calorie meals, high protein, high vitamins

79
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Embolism in the lungs from a DVT, leads to a perfusion problem

80
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism

A

Sudden dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, shock, chest pain, cyanosis, cough, hemoptysis, elevated temperature, increased WBCs, can be fatal

81
Q

Predisposing Factors of Pulmonary Embolism

A

Inactivity, recent surgery, stroke, birth control pills, pregnancy

82
Q

Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

A

Gold-standard pulmonary ateriography

83
Q

Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism

A

Anticoagulants, fibrinolytic agents, oxygen, HOB up 30 degrees, surgery, umbrella filter

84
Q

Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism

A

TED hose, sequential compression devices, measure peripheral pulses, heparin therapy

85
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

Inflammatory, autoimmune disease in the lung

T-Cells accumulate and lead to granulomas

86
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Sarcoidosis

A

Night sweats, fever, weight loss, cough, skin nodules, polyarthritis, weakness, SOB, wheezing, suffocation, erythema nodosum, blurred vision, photophobia

87
Q

Treatment of Sarcoidosis

A

Systematic monitoring, steroids

88
Q

Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis

A

Chest x-rays, blood test, biopsy

89
Q

Occupational Lung Disease

A

Caused by exposure to environmental or occupational fumes, dust, vapors, gases, bacterial or fungal antigens, and allergens

90
Q

COPD includes…

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

91
Q

Pathophysiology of COPD

A

Goblet cells increase –> hypersecretion

Submucosal glands enlarge –> hypersecretion

Airway walls thicken –> airway narrowing

Fibrotic changes –> airway narrowing

Exudate –> airway narrowing

92
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

Cough, sputum production for at least 3 months out of the year for at least 2 years

Caused by irritants, smoking, flare-ups in the winter

93
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

More sudden and severe symptoms

Related to a pathogen

94
Q

Emphysema Pathophysiology

A

Impaired oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange

Alveolar wall destruction –> increased dead space, impaired oxygen diffusion, impaired carbon dioxide elimination –> hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis

Chronic inflammation

Pulmonary capillary bed reduced –> Cor pulmonale (right sided heart failure)

95
Q

COPD Risk Factors

A

Exposure to tobacco smoke (damages cilia, distends alveoli, carbon monoxide piles up in the blood)

Increased age

Irritant exposure

Genetic abnormalities (Alpha 1-Antitrypsin; treat with IV infusion)

96
Q

Primary Symptoms of COPD

A

Chronic cough, sputum production, dyspnea

97
Q

Other Signs and Symptoms of COPD

A

Tachycardia (early), cyanosis (late), wheezing, barrel chest (related to air trapping), clubbing of fingers (long-term hypoxia)

98
Q

Complications of COPD

A

Risk for respiratory infections leading to respiratory failure

Cor pulmonale/heart failure

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Cardiac dysrhythmias (atrial fibrillation –> high risk for blood clots)

Depression

99
Q

Diagnosis of COPD

A

Spirometry, chest x-ray, CT scan, serum (CBC, WBCs, hematocrit and hemoglobin), sputum culture

100
Q

Treatment of COPD

A

Bronchodilators (inhalers), corticosteroids (first line of defense), antibiotics, mucolytics, antitussives, vasodilators, narcotics, vaccines

Low-flow oxygen

Bullectomy, lung volume resection surgery, lung transplant

101
Q

Long Term Continuous Oxygen

A

Used if there is evidence of PaO2 < 55 mmHg, tissue hypoxia, organ damage, polycythemia, edema from heart failure, mental status changes

102
Q

Blebs

A

Air bubbles on the lungs that can rupture and lead to a pneumothorax

103
Q

Pulmonary Rehabilitation

A

Goal is to reduce symptoms, improve quality of life, increase physical and emotional participation in activities

Benefits include increased exercise capacity and decreased perceived breathlessness

Includes assessment, education, smoking cessation, physical conditioning, and nutrition counseling

104
Q

COPD Nursing Interventions

A

Education

Low-flow oxygen

Activity pacing

Nutrition (high protein, high calories, easy to chew, small and frequent meals)

Increased fluids (to thin secretions)

No smoking

105
Q

Pursed Lip Breathing

A

Releases trapped air, decreases carbon dioxide buildup, keeps airways open, good for relaxation

Adult Health Nursing I (22 decks)

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