Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Adult Health Nursing I > Lower GI > Flashcards

Lower GI Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix

Characterized by Rousing’s sign, pain

Treatment is surgical removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diverticulosis

A

Multiple diverticula without inflammation

Chronic constipation, bowel irregularities, nausea, anorexia, bloating, abdominal distention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Infection and inflammation of the diverticula

Symptoms include mild/severe pain in LLQ, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, and leukocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diverticular Disease

A

May occur anywhere in the intestine but most common in the sigmoid colon

Diagnosis is usually by colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Care of Patient with Diverticulitis

A

Encourage fluid intake of at leased 2 L/day

Soft foods with increased fiber, such as cooked vegetables

Exercise

Bulk laxatives (psyllium) and stool softeners

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum

Rupture and contamination are complications

Characterized by diffuse pain, tenderness, elevated WBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

More prevalent in Jewish people, characterized by exacerbations and remissions

Cause is unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

Regional Enteritis

Most common in distal ileum or ascending colon

Extends to all layers of the bowel

Ulcers develop, lumen narrows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Crohn’s Disease

A

Gradual onset

Pain in RLQ

Cramping after meals

Diarrhea, steatorrhea, blood in the stool

Weight loss, nutritional deficiency

Abscesses or fistulas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Diagnostics of Crohn’s Disease

A

CBC, CMP, ESR, Fecal Occult Blood

Barium studies (“String sign”)

CT, MRI

Capsule endoscopy, balloon endoscopy

Proctosigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Usually begins in the rectum

Multiple ulcerations, contiguous

Bowel narrows, bleeding occurs

5% develop colon cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis

A

Diarrhea, passage of mucus and pus

LLQ pain, spasms of the rectum, rectal bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diagnostics of Ulcerative Colitis

A

Stool analysis

CBC, CMP

X-Ray, CT, MRI

Sigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Reduce inflammation

Low residue, high protein, high calorie diets

Medications

Bowel rest

Surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Medications for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Sedatives and antidiarrheals

Pain relievers

Iron/Calcium supplements

Aminosalicylates

5-ASA

Corticosteroids

Immune system suppressors

Antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

A

Noninflammatory

Functional disorder

Abdominal pain, constipation, urgent bowel movements

Associated with stress, anxiety, depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A

3rd most common cause of cancer deaths in the US

Manifestations include change in bowel habits: blood in the stool, tenesmus, symptoms of obstruction, pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer

A

Beginning at age 50, both men and women should have:

Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years, or double-contrast barium enema every 5 years, or yearly fecal occult blood test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diagnostic Evaluation of Colorectal Cancer

A

Abdominal and rectal exam

Stool for occult blood

Barium enema

Proctosigmoidoscopy/Colonoscopy with biopsy and cytology

CEA elevations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Liver Dysfunction

A

Glycogen is replaced with lipids

Inflammatory cell infiltration and growth of fibrous tissue

Possible regeneration of cells

End result is a fibrotic liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Liver Dysfunction

A

Jaundice, portal hypertension and ascites, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy or coma, nutritional deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prehepatic Jaundice

A

Hemolytic

Result of increased destruction of RBCs

23
Q

Hepatic Jaundice

A

Hepatocellular

Results from injury or disease of parenchymal cells of the liver

24
Q

Posthepatic Jaundice

A

Caused by an obstruction of the bile duct

Bile is reabsorbed and stains the body

Urine is deep orange and frothy, stools are clay colored

Pruritus, fat intolerance, elevated bilirubin and alkaline phosphate

25
Portal Hypertension
Obstructed blood flow through the liver results in increased pressure throughout the portal venous system Results in ascites, esophageal varices
26
Treatment of Ascites
Low-sodium diet Diuretics Bed rest Paracentesis Administration of salt-poor albumin Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
27
Esophageal Varices
Complex tortuous veins at the lower end of the esophagus Develop in areas where collateral and systemic circulations communicate Contain little elastic tissue and are fragile
28
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Changes in neurologic and mental responsiveness ranging from sleep disturbances to lethargy to coma Result of liver being unable to convert ammonia to urea Ammonia crosses the blood-brain barrier and causes neurologic toxic manifestations Characteristic symptom is asterixis (flapping tremors involving arms and hands) Fetor hepaticus (musty, sweet odor on patient's breath)
29
Medical Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Eliminate precipitating cause Lactulose to reduce serum ammonia levels IV glucose to minimize protein catabolism Protein restriction Reduction of ammonia from GI tract by gastric suction, enemas, oral antibiotics Discontinue sedatives, analgesics, and tranquilizers
30
Nutritional Therapy for Hepatic Encephalopathy
Dietary deficiencies of thiamine, folic acid, and vitamin B12 Diet high in calories (3000 kcal/day), increased carbohydrates, moderate to low fat, normal protein
31
Hepatitis A
Spread by poor hand hygiene; fecal-oral Incubation is 15-50 days, illness may last 4-8 weeks Manifestations include mild flulike symptoms, low-grade fever, anorexia, later jaundice and dark urine, indigestion, enlargement of liver and spleen
32
Management of Hepatitis A
Good handwashing, safe water, vaccine, immunoglobulin Bedrest during acute stage Nutritional support
33
Hepatitis B
Transmitted through blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions Major worldwide cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer Incubation of 1-6 months Insidious and variable, similar symptoms to hepatitis A
34
Management of Hepatitis B
Alpha interferon and antiviral agents (lamivudine, adefovir) Best rest and nutritional support Vaccinations
35
Hepatitis C
Transmitted by blood and sexual contact Most common bloodborne infection A cause of 1/3 of cases of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplant Variable incubation period Symptoms usually mild, chronic carrier state frequently occurs
36
Management of Hepatitis C
Antiviral medications (interferon, ribavirin) Alcohol and medications that irritate the liver should be avoided Screening of blood supply
37
Hepatitis D
Only persons with hepatitis B are at risk Blood and sexual contact transmission Likely to develop fulminant liver failure or chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis
38
Hepatitis E
Transmitted by the fecal-oral route Incubation period is 15-65 days Resembles hepatitis A
39
Clinical Course of Hepatitis
Asymptomatic and subclinical Preicteric phase: flulike symptoms, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy
40
Icteric Phase of Heptatitis
Jaundice, pruritus, RUQ pain, liver tenderness, increased bilirubin and AST and ALT and alkaline phosphatase, mild weight loss, respiratory difficulty
41
Post Icteric Phase of Hepatitis
Usually full recovery in 6 months Decline in symptoms Resolution of abnormal lab results Gradual increase in comfort
42
Types of Cirrhosis
Laennec's Cirrhosis (Alcoholic) Postnecrotic cirrhosis Biliary cirrhosis
43
Clinical Manifestations of Cirrhosis
Intermittent mild fever Vascular spiders, reddened palms, unexplained epistaxis Ankle edema, flatulent dyspepsia, morning indigestion, abdominal pain Firm, enlarged liver, splenomegaly
44
Clinical Manifestations of Decompensated Cirrhosis
Jaundice, weakness, muscle wasting, weight loss, clubbing of fingers Purpura, spontaneous bruising, epistaxis, sparse body hair, white nails, gonadal atrophy Portal hypertension, ascites, esophageal varices, hepatic encephalopathy
45
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder
46
Cholelithiasis
Gallstones Risk factors include fair, fat, forty, female, flatulent, fertile
47
Signs and Symptoms of Gallbladder Problems
Pain, Murphy's sign, changes in color of urine and stool, fever, N/V, jaundice
48
Diagnosing Gallbladder Issues
X-Ray, ultrasonography, radionuclide imagine, cholecystography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
49
Treatment of Gallbladder Issues
Diet, bowel rest, NG suction, IV fluids, analgesia Extracorporeal or intracorporeal lithotripsy Cholecystectomy
50
Acute Pancreatitis
Pancreatic duct becomes obstructed and enzymes back up, causing autodigestion and inflammation of the pancreas
51
Chronic Pancreatitis
Progressive inflammatory disorder with destruction of the pancreas Cells are replaced by fibrous tissue Pressure within the pancreas increases, obstructing the pancreatic and common bile ducts
52
Causes of Acute Pancreatitis
Alcoholism, biliary tract disease, abdominal surgery, trauma, infections, metabolic problems, medications
53
Signs and Symptoms of Acute Pancreatitis
Pain, nausea/vomiting, abdominal distention, fever, hypotension, respiratory distress, steatorrhea

Adult Health Nursing I (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions