Respiratory Disorders Flashcards
Describe the flow of oxygen into the body by respiration.
Enters nasopharynx –> oropharynx –> laryngopharynx –> trachea –> bronchi –> bronchioles –> alveoli
These mucous and tiny hair-like projections the line the upper airway and bronchi serve to filter the incoming air.
Cilia
What structure warms and moisturizes incoming air?
nasopharynx
Process of gas exchange.
Respiration
Gas exchange occurs in the _____.
aveoli
Process of moving air in and out of the lungs
Ventilation
TRUE or FALSE
A decrease in intrapulmonic pressure draws air into lungs.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Inspiration occurs via active muscle contraction where as expiration is a passive action.
TRUE
What occurs during inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, ribcage expands
What occurs during expiration?
Elastic recoil of ribcage, change in pressure forces air out of lungs
The air that fills areas in the respiratory tract that no O2 exchange takes place
Anatomic Dead Space
Alveoli where there is not adequate ventilation or blood flow for O2 exchange takes place
Physiologic Dead Space
List accessory inspiratory muscles.
abdominals sternocleidomastoid scalenes serratus anterior pectoralis muscles upper trapezius levator scapulae (with severe respiratory distress) trapezius (with severe respiratory distress)
How does low pH affect respiration?
It stimulates the breathing center in the medulla oblongata, which increases ventilation rate and depth to expel the acidic waste products and rebalance pH
_____ in the aorta and carotid arteries are sensitive to changes in blood pressure
Baroreceptors
_____ in the aorta and carotid arteries detect decreases in blood oxygen levels
Chemoreceptors
ventilation muscles (diaphragm, intercostals, and accessory muscles) are controlled by:
phrenic nerve (C3-5) cranial nerve XI (sternocleidomastoid) segmental thoracic nerves (intercostal muscles)
List some factors affecting ventilation during exercise.
Neurogenic factors
Temperature control
Humoral factors
Muscle and Joint receptors
Pulmonary structures can refer pain to the _____.
Chest, neck, and shoulders
The _____ refers pain to the ipsilateral shoulder
and may also refer to the neck, ribs, or spine.
diaphragm
_____ is caused by inflammation of the parietal pleura
producing sharp, stabbing pain over the affected area that worsens with coughing or deep inspiration
Pleurisy
A subtle vibration with breathing, suggests pulmonary or pleural edema
Fremitus
Pain with lateral compression of the ribs suggests an _____ rib fracture.
anterior
Pain with anterior compression of the ribs suggests a _____ rib fracture
lateral
What does an abnormal hyperresonance (tympanic drum sound) of the thorax indicate?
An abnormal air space in the thorax (ie, pneumothorax, emphysema)
Abnormal dull sound indicates:
pulmonary edema
pleural edema
hemothorax
Normal breathing in adults is _____ breaths per minute
10-15
Hypopnea
Shallow, slow breaths
Shortness of breath when lying down
Orthopnea
Respiration rate of more than 20 bpm.
Hyperpnea
TRUE or FALSE
A pulmonary condition that increases respiration rate will usually also increase the heart rate
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
As blood oxygen levels decrease, blood pressure rises to maintain the delivery of oxygen to the tissues
TRUE
An athlete has a PEF of 90% of his personal best. What actions should be taken.
PEF
Athlete is clear to play/workout without limitations
An athlete has a PEF of 55% of his personal best. What actions should be taken.
Athlete should take medication to raise PEF; workout might need to be altered; person should be monitored closely
What is a medical emergency concerning PEF?
If patient/athlete has a PEF
The collapse of a lung segment’s alveoli
Atelectasis
Free-floating segment of ribs created by multiple rib fractures bulges with expiration collapses with inspiration
Flair chest
Collapsed lung
Pneumothorax
