Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What three components make up the cardiovascular system?
A
Pulmonary circulation
Coronary circulation
Systemic circulation
2
Q
_____ describes the flow of blood to and from the lungs.
A
Pulmonary circulation
3
Q
_____ describes the flow blood to and from all other organs and the extremities.
A
Systemic circulation
4
Q
_____ describes the flow of blood to and from the working heart muscle (myocardium).
A
Coronary
5
Q
_____ is a lubricated sac of connective tissue that encloses the heart.
A
Endocardium
6
Q
_____ is the connective tissue attaching the endocardium to the thorax.
A
Pericardium
7
Q
Deoxygenated blood enters the hear through its _____ side.
A
Right
8
Q
The _____ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.
A
tricuspid
9
Q
The _____ valve is between left atrium and left ventricle.
A
Mitral (Bicuspid)
10
Q
What are the names to the two semilunar valves?
A
Aortic
Pulmonary
11
Q
Select all that apply:
During diastole the chambers (fill/contract/expel)
A
Fill
12
Q
Select all that apply:
During systole the chambers (fill/contract/expel)
A
Contract and expel
13
Q
What is the opening and closing of valves controlled by?
A
Pressure changes
14
Q
The “lubb” heart sound refers to the closure of the _____ valves.
A
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
15
Q
The “dupp” heart sound refers to the closure of the _____ valves.
A
Semilunar valves
16
Q
What is the “pacemaker” of the heart?
A
Sinoatrial (SA) node
17
Q
List the steps in which conduction of the heart takes place.
A
SA node –> AV node –> AV Bundle “Bundle of His” –> Bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers
18
Q
_____ is where gas exchange takes place.
A
Capillaries
19
Q
_____ carry blood away from the heart
A
Arteries
20
Q
_____ constrict or relax to regulate blood flow..
A
Arterioles
21
Q
The _____ regulates flow into tissues.
A
Precapillary sphincter
22
Q
_____ carry blood back to the heart.
A
Veins
23
Q
_____ are smaller forms of veins.
A
Venules
24
Q
List some functions of blood.
A
Gas, nutrient and waste transport
Temperature regulation
Acid-base regulation
25
How many liters of blood are in a male and female body?
5-6 liters in men and 4-5 liters in women
26
What is blood made up of?
55-60% is plasma (water, proteins and other formed elements
| 40-45% is RBC (99%), WBC and platelets (1%)
27
What is the function of RBCs?
Carry oxygen
28
What is the function of WBCs?
Immune response
| Phagocytosis
29
What is the function of platelets?
Clotting
30
Describe the range for normal blood pressure.
31
Describe the range for prehypertension blood pressure.
120-139/80-89
32
Describe the range for Stage I hypertension blood pressure.
140-159/90-99
33
Describe the range for Stage II hypertension blood pressure.
>160/>100
34
This component of an electrocardiograph (ECG) represents ventricular repolarization.
T wave
35
This component of an electrocardiograph (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization.
QRS complex
36
This component of an electrocardiograph (ECG) represents atrial depolorization.
P-wave
37
_____ are irregular heart rhythms
Arrythmias
38
Define bradycardia.
Slow heart rate;
39
Define tachycardia
Fast heart rate; >100bpm
40
Define PVC
Premature ventricular contractions; skipped or extra beat
41
TRUE or FALSE
History of SCD under age 40 in immediate family may indicate an inheritable cardiac condition
TRUE
42
What are the three categories of pre-participation physical exam?
Family History
Personal History
Physical exam
43
What are two components of family history worth noting during a PPE?
(1) premature death of relative
| (2) relative under the age of 50 diagnosed with heart disease or cardiac condition
44
What are the components of personal history?
```
Heart murmur
Hypertension
Unusual Fatigue
Exertional syncope (fainting)
Excessive exertional dyspnea
Exertional chest pain
```
45
What are the components of the physical exam category?
```
Resting HR
BP
Ascultation of heart (supine and standing)
Assessment of femoral pulses
Observation for signs of Marfan Syndrome
```
46
A personal history of these things increases the risk of cardiovascular pathology.
```
Physical inactivity
High blood lipids
Diabetes
Marfan syndrom
Obesity
Hypertension
Smoking
Connective tissue disorders
```
47
Agina
Chest pain
48
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
49
Cardiac pain refers pain to what parts of the body?
Left jaw, shoulder, arm
50
Fainting
Syncope
51
Diaphoresis
Sweating
52
What is the correct action to take when the following is present:
Unexplained syncope, palpitations, or dyspnea, particularly with chest pain or during exertion
Referral for medical examination
53
The following signs and symptoms are indicative of what pathology?
```
Ceripheral edema
clubbing of fingertips and nails
Fatigue
Shortness of breath
Claudication (muscular ischemia leading to cramping, aching, and unusual fatigue in the affected limb)
```
Chronic cardiac pathology
54
TRUE or FALSE
Symptoms for a vascular pathology typically worsen with exertion and are relieved by rest.
TRUE
55
List some general signs and symptoms for vascular pathology.
```
Cramping
Heaviness
Weakness
Swelling
Pulsing
Fatigue
Cold or cyanotic extremities
```
56
List at least specific physical characteristics for someone with Marfan's Syndrome.
```
Arm span longer than height
Tall thin body
Thumb overlaps 5th digit when wrapping the fingers around the wrist
Sternum deformity
Hyperlaxity in joints
Visual problems
Thoracic spine kyphosis
Disproportionate long legs
```
57
Your patient has more than three physical characteristics associated with Marfan's syndrome. What should you do?
Refer for cardiac screening
58
What is the normal respiration rate for an adult?
14-20 breaths/min
59
Rapid respiration over 20 breaths/min.
Tachypnea
60
Name the atrioventricular valves.
Tricuspid
| Bicuspid (mitral)
61
Name the semilunar valves.
Aortic
| Pulmonary
62
What is the leading cause of sudden death in young competitive athletes?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
63
General cardiac hypertrophy is also referred to as _____.
"Athlete's heart"
64
What is Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?
Asymmetrical enlargement of the left ventricular cavity.
65
Your patient presents with a systolic murmur that decreases in intensity when she is placed supine. What is this indicative of?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
66
Know the differences between an "athlete's heart" and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).
```
HCM:
Unusual patterns of LV hypertrophy
LV Cavity 55mm
Left Atrial Enlargement
Bizarre EKG Patterns
Decreased thickness with deconditioning
VO2Max >45 ml/kg/min
```
67
Acute right-sided heart failure that occurs due to pulmonary disease
Cor pulmonade
68
_____ occurs when the myocardium does not receive enough oxygen, resulting in agina, fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, syncope, and rapid change in vitals.
Myocardial Ischemia
69
Disorder of RV where myocardium is replaced by adipose and/or fibrous tissue.
Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
70
Acute inflammation of the myocardium caused usually by viral infection or with use of cocaine.
Myocarditis
71
Which valve is most commonly affected?
Mitral valve
72
Accessory conduction pathway conducts more rapidly than the AV node, and the result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes just slightly before the other
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
73
Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)
A defect in the discharge pattern of the SA node, atria, or AV node that causes a drastic increase in heart rate.
74
How can a patient interrupt a long PSVT attack?
Perform a Valsava maneuver or a strong cough
75
A person who is hypertensive will present with a blood pressure of _____ mmHg.
140-90
76
Which of the following is not a common medication used to treat hypertension:
```
ACE inhibitors
Corticosteroids
Diuretics
Ca++ channel blockers
β-blockers
```
Corticosteroids
77
List some risk factors associated with anemia.
malnutrition
chronic disease
intense physical training (destroys RBC)
prolonged use of analgesics (impairs RBC formation)
family history
heavy menstruation (depletes RBC)
medical treatments (chemotherapy and radiation)
78
_____ is a decreased red blood cell volume.
Anemia
79
How would a patient that is anemic commonly present?
```
fatigue
weakness
pale skin, including decreased pinkness of your lips, gums, lining of your eyelids, nail beds and palms
a rapid heartbeat
shortness of breath
swollen tongue
spooning of nails
numbness or coldness in your hands and feet
impaired attention
headache
```
80
Who is at greater risk to have sickle cell disease?
African Americans
81
Explain what happens with someone sickle cell disease.
After high physical exertion or with heat illness the red blood cells take on a moon shape that causes them to clot easily, break apart and decrease oxygen delivery.
82
Inherited blood disorder associated with a deficiency in clotting factor
Hemophilia
83
What type of sports are contraindicated for someone with hemophilia?
Contact sports
84
List some common sites of occlusion syndromes.
Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Popliteal artery
Femoral artery
85
What are the "five P's" that acute arterial occlusion produce?
```
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis distal to the occlusion
```
86
Clot formed by the pooling of blood in large veins.
Thrombus
87
Thrombosis
Presence of a thrombus in a vein
88
Venous swelling
Thrombophlebitis
89
A thrombus that has broken free and is moving through the circulation.
Embolus or embolism
90
Patient is presenting with the following signs and symptoms. What may this be indicative of?
Severe calf tenderness
Distended veins
Distal edema
Pain with passive DF
Deep Vein Thrombosis
91
What is a positive Homan's Sign?
Pain with passive dorsiflexion
92
An excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
Aneurysm
93
Where is pain located with a sinus headache?
behind brow bone and/or cheek bone
94
Where is pain located with a cluster headache?
in and around one eye
95
Describe pain with tension headache?
Like a band squeezing the head
96
Migraines typically present with which of the following:
Pain
Nausea
Visual changes
All are correct
97
The recurrence of the headache across several days followed by a long period with no headache is a defining characteristic of a _____ headache.
cluster
