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ATR 540 Pathology of Injury and Illness > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation fluid, chemical, and energy balance in the cells, tissues, organs, and systems

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2
Q

Cellular mechanisms of disease and their functional systemic consequences

A

Pathophysiology

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3
Q

List ways in which cells can be damaged.

A

Physical trauma Toxins Infection Genetic abnormalities Malnutrition Dehydration Hypoxia, or combinations

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Atrophy is caused by an increase in metabolic or physical demands.

A

FALSE: Due to decreased metabolic demands.

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5
Q

List some factors that may result in hyperplasia.

A

Genetic abnormalities

Hormonal imbalances

Chronic increased metabolic demands

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6
Q

_____ is the replacement of cells of one type with another type.

A

Metaplasia

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7
Q

Give an example of metaplasia.

A

Scar tissue

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8
Q

Dysplasia

A

_____ is an abnormal cell type; increasing rate of division or cell number caused by chronic irritation or malfunction of DNA

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9
Q

_____ is a malignant dysplasia where there is rapid proliferation of undifferentiated nonspecific cell types.

A

Cancer

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10
Q

When cell resources cannot meet the metabolic demands of the cell _____ occurs.

A

necrosis

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11
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacing damaged/injured tissue with normal tissue.

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12
Q

_____ is a process where functional cells are replaced by connective tissue.

A

Scarring

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13
Q

What are the three phases of healing?

A

Inflammation

Proliferation

Remodeling

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14
Q

In which phase of healing does hemostasis occur?

A

Inflammation phase

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15
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Vasoconstriction and activation of platelets

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16
Q

In which phase does structure restoration occur?

A

Remodeling phase

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17
Q

In which phase does scar formation occur?

A

Proliferative phase

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18
Q

Describe the vascular response that takes place in the inflammation phase of healing.

A

Vasoconstriction and permeability

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19
Q

Describe the cellular response that takes place in the inflammation phase of healing.

A

Phagocytosis stimulation of cell growth Revascularization

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20
Q

A result of a long-term chemical irritation or mechanical stress.

A

Chronic inflammation

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21
Q

List signs and symptoms of acute inflammation.

A

Pain

Swelling

Redness (Erythema)

Heat

Ecchymosis

Loss of movement and/or function

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22
Q

List signs and symptoms of infection.

A

Fever

Hyperpnea

Tachycardia

Malaise

Weakness

Loss of appetite

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23
Q

____ is rapid respiration.

A

Hyperpnea

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24
Q

_____ are produced by osteoblasts and resorbed by osteoclasts Bone tissue is being constantly resorbed and rebuilt, maintaining a balance in homeostasis

A

Osteocytes (mature bone cells)

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25
TRUE or FALSE The the yellow bone marrow in the human body produces blood cells.
FALSE: it is made up of fat cells
26
\_\_\_\_\_ cartilage is avascular, has no nervous supply, and has very few chondrocytes (living cartilage cells) within its tissue.
Articular
27
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of bone & marrow caused by infection
28
\_\_\_\_\_ bone has its own blood supply and contains the bone marrow.
Cancellous
29
Each bone is covered by\_\_\_\_\_, an innervated and vascular structure that provides nutrition to the cortical (compact) bone.
periosteum
30
What occurs during the inflammatory phase of bone tissue healing?
Bleeding (hematoma formation), muscle guarding
31
What occurs during the proliferative phase of bone tissue healing?
Fibrin clot forms, Osteoblast activity increases to produce new bone cells; fibrocartilage forms around the fracture; osteocytes gradually replace fibrocartilage to form a bony callus
32
What occurs during the remodeling phase of bone tissue healing?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to strengthen the fracture site and remove the excess portions of the callus
33
Describe the treatment for a bone fracture during the first 48-72 hours.
Strict immobilization or surgery Approximation of bone
34
Describe the treatment for a bone fracture during weeks 3-6.
Continue immobilization or fixation until union (or longer) Begin gentle range of motion (non-load bearing)
35
Describe the treatment for a bone fracture during weeks 6-24.
Begin load-bearing activity as tolerated
36
\_\_\_\_\_ cartilage has no blood supply therefore when damaged it is either replaced by fibrocartilage or not replaced at all.
Articular
37
TRUE or FALSE The only way pain is elicited with an articular cartilage injury is if the underlying (subchondral) bone or synovial tissue is involved.
TRUE
38
Synovial (joint capsule) inflammation, a clinical syndrome known as \_\_\_\_\_.
arthritis
39
The proliferative phase of articular cartilage healing lasts \_\_\_\_\_.
6 months
40
The remodeling phase of articular cartilage healing lasts \_\_\_\_\_.
2 years
41
Describe the treatment during the inflammation phase of articular cartilage healing.
Weight bearing as tolerated Maintain muscular function
42
Describe the treatment during the proliferative phase of articular cartilage healing.
Controlled weight-bearing activity to stimulate fibrocartilage
43
Describe the treatment during the remodeling phase of articular cartilage healing.
Activity as tolerated.
44
\_\_\_\_\_ tissue attaches body structures to one another and is highly vascular and innervated.
Connective
45
\_\_\_\_\_ lines the interior and exterior surfaces of the body, providing a barrier to external environment.
Epithelium
46
\_\_\_\_\_ lines the cardiovascular system and regulates the exchange of substances between blood and other organs.
Endothelium
47
What type of diseases cause chronic inflammation, necrosis, and scarring?
Metabolic diseases
48
Describe the treatment for ligament injury during the first phase of healing.
Protect; splint in approximation
49
Describe the treatment for ligament injury during the second phase of healing.
Active mobilization within limits and activity
50
Describe the treatment for ligament injury during the third phase of healing.
Activity as tolerated
51
Describe the time frame for the three phases of healing of ligament tissue.
Phase I: 48-72 hours Phase II: 6-8 weeks Phase III: 12-30 months
52
Connective tissue heals with _____ only.
collagen
53
How much time (days, weeks, months, etc) does it take for connective tissue to obtain tensile strength?
6-8 weeks
54
How much time (days, weeks, months, etc) does it take for connective tissue to obtain strength more consistent with original strength?
6-12 weeks
55
TRUE or FALSE: If all cell layers of epithelim or endothelium are damaged, nonfunctional collagen scar (metaplasia) forms.
TRUE
56
TRUE or FALSE: If DNA replication is disrupted, a cancerous lesion (dysplasia) forms.
TRUE
57
List the three types of muscle
Cardiac Smooth Skeletal
58
What type of cells are responsible for impulsing control movement, cognitive and regulatory systems of body?
Nerve cells
59
\_\_\_\_\_ is infection of muscle.
Tetanus
60
What determines effects of nerve injury?
Location and type of nerve
61
Damaged muscle cells are replaced by _____ rather than normal contractile muscle
collagen
62
TRUE or FALSE Damage to nervous tissue is permanent.
TRUE
63
Describe the treatment for muscle injury during the first phase of healing.
Protection Gentle passive or active-assisted mobilization
64
Describe the treatment for muscle injury during the second phase of healing.
Active muscle recruitment Passive mobilization
65
Describe the treatment for muscle injury during the third phase of healing.
Active muscle recruitment Passive mobilization
66
How long is each stage of healing for a muscle injury?
Phase I: 42-78 hours Phase II: 4-8 weeks Phase III: 12 weeks
67
Describe the treatment for tendon injury during the first phase of healing.
Protection Splint in approximation
68
Describe the treatment for tendon injury during the second phase of healing.
Active and passive mobilization within limits
69
Describe the treatment for tendon injury during the third phase of healing.
Strengthening and activity as tolerated
70
How long is each stage of healing for a tendon injury?
Phase I: 42-78 hours Phase II: 4-6 weeks Phase III: 12-20 weeks
71
Describe the treatment for nerve injury during the first phase of healing.
Medical evaluation Splinting may be needed to stabilize
72
Describe the treatment for nerve injury during the second phase of healing.
Monitor Periodic sensory and motor testing
73
Describe the treatment for nerve injury during the third phase of healing.
Return to normal use May need strengthening or other therapy
74
How long is each stage of healing for a nerve injury?
Phase I: 2-7 days Phase II: 1 inch/year Phase III: Up to a year
75
Mucosa cells make up _____ tissue.
Gastrointestinal
76
Absorb nutrients, secrete mucous for protection and enzymes for digestion
Mucosa cells
77
Type of cells that secrete digestive enzymes.
Acinar cells
78
Type of cells that secrete bile, store carbohydrate, form urea, metabolism of cholesterol, lipids, and many drugs and toxins.
Hepatic
79
Type of cells that regulate fluid from urine.
Renal cells
80
Type of cells that secrete regulatory specific hormones.
Endocrine
81
Islet cells are located in the _____ pancreas.
Endocrine
82
\_\_\_\_\_ cells are located in the exocrine pancreas.
Acinar
83
\_\_\_\_\_ cells are a type of islet cells in the pancreas that secrete \_\_\_\_\_.
Alpha : Glucagon
84
This type of islet cell is responsible for the secretion of insulin.
Beta cells
85
Renal cells are located in the \_\_\_\_\_.
kidney
86
Endocrine cells are located in _____ glands.
endocrine
87
\_\_\_\_\_ cells are located in the gastrointestinal tract.
Mucosa
88
What type of cells make up the liver?
Hepatic cells
89
\_\_\_\_\_ is a loss of a large amount of blood.
Hemorrhage
90
This occurs when organs are deprived of vital nutrients and oxygen.
Shock
91
List some characteristics of shock.
Pale Clammy skin Tachycardia Hypotension

ATR 540 Pathology of Injury and Illness (8 decks)

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