respiratory disorders Flashcards
(+) stretch receptors — (+) medulla via vagus nerve (CN 10): When you breathe in, stretch
receptors in your lungs detect that the lungs are expanding.
Inhalation
Pharyngitis can also occur with **(aka “mono”), a viral infection.
mononucleosis
Congenital depression of the sternum that decreases the anterioposterio (A-P) diameter
Funnel Chest (pectus excavatum)
Most common causes are allergy and bacterial infection
o Damage to the mucusa of the sinuses are reversible
Acute Sinusitis
soft, high-pitched, and very brief
- sounds like a lock of hair rolled in between fingers
Fine Crackles
Onset of symptoms
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA
> 35 years > 50 years
Not troubled with breathlessness except with strenuous exercise
0 None
(normal Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) is
approximately )
3,300mL
TREATMENT Viral pharyngitis
❖ salt water gargles
❖ pain relievers
❖ extra fluids t
non-productive to productive cough (constant irritation to
the throat until it produces mucus that causes scar where bacterias will go hence infection or
inflammation)
Dry progressing to productive
non-specific, cardiomegaly could be seen
Chest Radiography
refers to the amount of air can be inhaled after a normal or tidal inspiration
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Decreased PaO2 and increased PaCO2 in chronic bronchitis
Arterial Blood Gases
Refers to the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal exhalation (approximately
1,200mL)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
FEV 50%-80%
IIA COPD
Refers to the entire process of air flow between the human body and the atmosphere
This is a protective reflex. When your lungs stretch too much during a deep breath, this
reflex tells your brain (via nerves) to stop inhaling to avoid over-expanding the lungs.
Hering-Breuer reflex
condition characterized by the inflammation of the mucus
membrane lining the sinuses
* May either be a bacterial infection or secondary to a viral exposur
SINUSITIS
show hyperinflation with areas of local atelectasis
Chest X-rays –
DIAGNSOSIS for pharyngitis
laryngoscopy
Refers to the amount of air in the lungs with maximal inspiration (approximately 6,000mL)
o Total of the four lung volumes: TV + IRV + ERV + RV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
o Refers to a non-invasive method of assessing the functional capacity of the lungs
o Measures air flow rates and calculate lung volumes and lung capacities
Pulmonary Function Test
A decrease in TV with a decrease in RR indicates a
neurological problem
Refers to the maximal amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration
(approximately 5,000mL)
o Refers to the total of the TV, IRV and ERV
Vital Capacities (VC)
System that is primary responsible in replenishing oxygen supply in the body as well as in excreting carbon
dioxide to the atmosphere through the process of respiration
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Sputum specimens are best collected as patient awakens in the
morning
This is the single most important factor. Use of voice during laryngitis results in incomplete or
delayed recovery. Complete voice rest is recommended although it is almost impossible to
achieve. If the patient needs to speak, the patient should be instructed to use a “confidential
voice;” that is, a normal phonatory voice at low volume without whispering or projecting.
. Voice rest
nvolves the use of local anesthesia and may be
accomplished through needle biopsy
Closed Techniques
Inflammatory Disorders
o Pharyngitis
o Laryngitis
o Sinusitis
Because air
moves from high pressure to low
pressure, the lower pressure in the lungs
“sucks” air in from outside, allowing you
to breathe in oxygen
Sucking mechanism
Creamy yellow or rusty sputum
staphylococcal pnemonia
pain caused by inflammation of the pleural membranes, is usually catching
in nature and produced by movement of the thoracic cage; commonly unilateral and
brought on by deep inspiration (pain w/ moving lungs; nasakit nu aganges nauneg)
o Intercostal pain — transient in nature and worse during coughing (nasakit nu aguyek
Pleuritic pain
cough - periodic forceful episodes that are difficult to control / brief episodes
Paroxysma
show decreased oxygen saturation
Pulse Oximetry
often a mild and self-limiting condition that typically lasts for a period of 3 to 7 days.
▪ Acute laryngitis is a temporary condition caused by overusing the vocal cords. It can also be caused
by an infection. Treating the underlying condition causes the laryngitis to go away.
Acute laryngitis
condition where the pulmonary function test resulted in increased residual volume
chronic bronchitis
▪ condition lasts for over 3 weeks
▪ prolonged exposure to one of the risk factors
▪ Chronic laryngitis results from long-term exposure to irritants. It’s usually more severe and has
longer-lasting effects than acute laryngitis
Chronic laryngitis
A simple questionnaire used to determine nicotine dependence
Fagerstrom Test
- A term used to describe the symptom of breathlessness and is a common presentation of
respiratory problems - A subjective symptom and varies from person to person
dyspnea
tidal exchange of air between the lungs & at atmosphere that occurs with respiration
Ventilation
o A test to determine the presence of tuberculosis
o A small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) (0.1mL) is injected intradermally in the
- Skin Test (Mantoux Test)
- Is a condition characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobronchial tree to various
stimuli with resulting bronchospasm and inflammation of the bronchial mucosa - Episodic irreversible obstruction
- Associated with allergens
- BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
Sputum is described in terms of:
Color\
coonsistenncy
amount
Obstructive Diseases Affecting the
Lower Airways
o COPD
o Bronchial Asthma
- soft, low-pitched soundsthat are heard over the majority of the lung fields;
sounds produced - produced by air moving through the bronchioles and filling the alveoli
- E < I
. Vesicular
Breath Sounds
o Used to determine whether or not a patient has been smoking
o a simple, non-invasive way to measure carbon monoxide poisoning in a patient
Breath Analyzer (Carbon Monoxide Breath Test)
total volume of
air in kungs often refilled with air
FVC (Force vital capacity)
condition where the pulmonary function test resulted in : increased total lung capacity
emphysema
- referred to as discontinuoussounds; they are intermittent,
non-musical and brief - may heard either upon inspiration or expiration
- The popping sounds produced are created when air is forced through respiratory
passages that are narrowed by fluid, mucus, or pus - Often associated with inflammation or infection
Crackles
(crepitations, rales)
: can no longer breathe normally
III Severe COPD
a complete loss of voice (
(aphonia)
s the space in the lungs gets bigger,
the air pressure inside drops lower than
the air pressure outside. This is called
negative pressure
ccurs at the connection of the ribs and the cartilage and can be
elicited with pressure on the area ((+) pain upon palpation in costochondral junction)
Costochondral pain
shows increase eosinophil count
Complete Blood Count (CBC) with Differential Count –
o Performed to obtain tissue samples for microscopic examination
o May be performed through either open or closed technique:
Lung Biopsy
a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during
breathing
- caused by air moving through narrowed airways
- do not clear with coughing
Wheezes
Walks slower than people of same age because of breathlessness or has to stop for breath
2 Moderate
Responsible in the unconscious (while sleeping) control of respiration
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
o Performed to obtain fluid samples from the pleural space, relieve pressure from
accumulated fluid and obtain tissue for biopsy
Thoracentesis (Pleural Fluid Analysis)
Refers to the amount of air remaining in the in the lungs after forced, maximal expiration
(approximately 1,000mL)
Residual Volume (RV)
- Refers to an abnormal irreversible enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles
- caused by a complex obstruction and destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in decreased elastic recoil
properties of lungs.
EMPHYSEMA
Skin color
CHRONIC BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA
Pale to cyanotic
Pink
act primarily to relax bronchial smooth muscle and dilate the
airways
Bronchodilators
Occurs as a response to an allergen or trigger to which the patient is hyperresponsive
▪ Mediated by IgE and appears more often in children and may disappear during adolescence
Extrinsic Asthma
