Respiratory Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Spirometry
A
Assessment of pulmonary function (lung capacity)
2
Q
Respiratory Disease Indicators
A
- usually see increase in total lung capacity (TLC), residual volume (RV), and functional residual capacity (FRC)
- See decrease in inspratory capcity (IC)
3
Q
Lung hyperinflation measured…
A
Indirectly using Inspiratory Capacity (IC)/ Total Lung Capacity (TLC)% if TLC is stable
4
Q
Dynamic lung hyperinflation develops because:
A
expiratory airflow limitation slows emptying of the lungs and the shortened expiratory time which leads to a progressive increase in air trapping and end expiratory lung volume
5
Q
Dyspnea
A
- a multidimensional sensation described as air hunger, increased effort, or chest tightness
- ventilation and perfusion of the lung is compromised, causing regional VA/Q mismatching that can result in hypoxia, hypercapnia, or both at rest and during exercise- skeletal muscle dysfunction is the most common extrapulmonary manifestation of COPD
ws3z
6
Q
lung hyperinflation also affects cardiovascular function:
A
- high intrathoracic pressure
- elevated pulmonary vascular resistance - reduction in SV and increases in HR
7
Q
Development of dyspnea
A
- neuromechanical uncoupling (mismatch central neurla drive and resiratory response) (drive to breathe)
- increase motordrive and sensory feedback (sensory feedback in tissues)
- increase sensation and effort (respiratory and muscular)
- increase respiratory discomfort or unsatisfied ventilation (discomfort/inability)
- increase symptoms of dyspnea and breathlessness (symptoms)
- exercise termination
8
Q
COPD
A
- combination of genetics and environment
- tobacco/marijuana related to prevalence of COPD most common risk factor (up to 50% heavy smokers don’t develop COPD
- age, gender, lung growth, and development exposure to organic and inorganic dusts, chemical agents, biomass combustion, urban pollution, socioeconomic status, asthma, airway hyperreactivity, respiratory infections, chronic bronchitis = risk factors for COPD
- characterized by chronic airway inflammation
- Symptoms= wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, cough vary in intensity
- Pathology= exaggerated inflammatory response due to chronic exposure to noxious gases and particulate
- overproduction of mucus from hyprtrophied submucosal glands and enlarged goblet cells lead to productive cough
- CEP can tell patient ways to clear aierways - pursed lip breathing
- arflow limitation in small airways = increases airflow resistance, emphysema results when alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles become irreversibly damage
9
Q
Asthma
A
- prevalence = 1.5x greater for females
- socioeconomical effects ( more prevalant in those below poverty line)
- specific cause= unknown
- mix between genetics and environmental factors that result in airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation
- hundreds of genes could influence it
- offspring of affected parents = increase chance of developing asthma
- potential prenatal aspects (maternal smoking, diet)
- allergic sensitization during maturation of immune system = critical element
- adult-onset= new in origin or a relapse from childhood asthma; exposure to inhaled chemicals or pollutants, smoking tobacco/marijauna and medical agents can increase risk of asthma
10
Q
Acute asthma attack
A
- contraction of airway smooth muscle and swelling of epithelium
- cause airway narrowing that obstructs airflow, hard to ventilate
11
Q
Chronic asthma attack
A
- significant airway remodeling over time
- epithelial sloughing, mucuc gland and smooth muscle hyperplasia, basement membrane thickening, airway edema
- can cause irreversible airway obstruction or development of asthma-copd hyprid form of disease
12
Q
Exercise-induced asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
A
- used interchangeably to describe wheezing or difficulty breathin during or after exercise
- EIA= bronchoconstriction during exercise because exercise is one of asthma triggers
- EIB= exercising at high intensity or in cold environment is trigger for inflammatory response that induces airway constriction and difficulty breathing
13
Q
diagnosis of respiratory diseases
A
- based on history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and chest x-ray
- suspected in people with chronic cough, purulent sputum production, wheezing, dyspnea, and occasional fever
- tobacco smoking = key risk factor
- exposure to environmental dust, vapors, particulates is risk factor
- increase risk= history of asthma, allergy, sinusitis, nasal polyps, frequent respiratory infections, or family history of COPD
14
Q
medical management of respiratory diseases
A
- chronic and progressiv- can’t be cured
- management aimed at- reducing symptoms, improving exercise tolerance, limiting disease progression, preventing disaese exacerbations and premature mortality
- pharamacological therapy, influenza and pneumonococcal vaccination, oxygen therapy, lung volume reduction, or transplant surgery
- pulmonary rehabilitation programming includes exercise, smoking cessation, other behavioral support
15
Q
Pulmonary rehabilitation
A
- focus on development of patient self-efficacy and exercise training
- offered in a hospital, community, home-based setting
- education on pharmacotherapy, nutritional counseling, psychological and behavior change, breathing and mucus clearing techniques, other specialized interventions
