Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Exercise Physiology > Lecture 14: mental and behavioral health > Flashcards

Lecture 14: mental and behavioral health Flashcards

1
Q

Assess client’s knowledge

A
  • to be able to facilitate a behavior change in client- toolbox of practical skills
  • assess client’s knowledge about PA and past exercise experience (their expectations and perceptions); early cues to guide education, problem solving, and planning; interviews, questionnaires, or personal timeline methods, within formal or informal assessment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Assess client’s decision making

A
  • anticipate potential positive and negative consequences of adopting a new behavior
  • may help to: establish reasons and motives for behavior change, set specific goals and avoid future pitfalls, understand environmental supports and challenges for PA, identify behaviors needed for adoption and maintenance of exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Benefits of PA

A
  • consider importance and personal relevance/ priority of each potential benefir for client- possible motivator for exercise
  • reduces risk of chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and certain cancers
  • assists in weight management
  • promotes healthy bones, muscles, and joints
  • improves congitive functioning and mental health and reduces symptoms of depression, stress, and anxiety
  • improves body image, self-esteem, and self-concept
  • increases fitness, improves physical functioning, and enhances ability to perform activities of daily living
  • provides opportunities to develop social contacts and relationships with others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Barriers to PA

A
  • physical and mental health concerns
  • accessibility, affordability, and convenience of safe facilities and equipment
  • environmental and ecological factors (geographical, climate)
  • lack of time
  • lack of enjoyment and/or boredom
  • insufficient encouragement and social support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Problem Solving

A
  • create a professional relationship to allow feelings of autonomy and control with respect to PA
  • practical and systematic problem solving to overcome barriers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Practical Problem Solving: IDEA Method

A
  • I: identify and prioritize personal barriers-specific barrier
  • D: develop of possible solutions
  • E: evaluate each solution and select one
  • A: act on plan and assess how well it worked/didnt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Goal setting for PA

A

Goal setting is stepwise process that involves:
- assessing an individual’s current level of fitness or PA level
- evaluating individual’s expected outcome
- considering best professional practices for exercise prescription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

SMART principles

A
  • S: specific- PA behavior to be clearly and precisely established
  • M: measurable- easily assessed or monitored
  • A: adjustable- adjustable and modifiable as needed (action-oriented and attainable)
  • R: realistic- somewhat challenging, but within individual’s capabalities and readily acheivable
  • T: time frame specific- accomplished within a specific period of time - appropriate rewards and measurement of progress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

behaviors/rewars/self-monitoring

A
  • PA program should be gradually implemented ensuring success at each stage
  • External rewards (client selected) may be needed for encouragement and motivation initially - program-based incentives as form extrinsic motivation; indentify intrinsically rewarding aspects of PA; intrinsic motivation may be learned when an individual finds personal, self-identified rewards for behavior independent of extrinsic factors
  • helpful for self-management= identifying PA patterns and receiving feedback regarding progress- especially self-monitored feedback
  • self-monitoring helps identify unhelpful patterns of sedentary behavior, set goals, monitor progress, identify barriers, and improve PA choices (journals, apple watch/monitors, step counters, apps)

individual involvement in process is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Self efficacy

A
  • Self Efficacy: extent to which individuals feel capable
  • enhanced by: setting realistic, personally tailored PA goals
  • encouraging regular + feedback (receiving social support)
  • tracking PA is way to measure progress and highlight success performing desired behaviors
  • explore previous experiences along with unreasonable beliefs and misconceptions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Support/Motivation

A

2 categories of support:
- Functional Support: refers to perception of support, includes instrumental support and emotional support
- Structural Support: refers to social networks, includes marital status, number of friends, participation in church or civic organizations
- praise and encouragement (immediate and specific)
- group participation in PA to enhance support
- appropriate and consistent role models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Motivation: stimulus control

A

structuring one’s personal environment to remind or encourage behavior (visual, auditory reminders or prompts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Motivational Readiness: Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change

most important factors in maintaining PA is motivational readiness

A

TTM proposes that individuals move through 5 stages of readiness for changing health behaviors
1. Precomtemplation: not thinking about changing PA
2. Contemplation: thinking about changing PA
3. Preparation: making small changes in PA but not to a degree that meets the desired target
4. Action: meeting PA goals but for fewer than 6 months
5. Maintenance: being PA at desired level for at least 6 months

individuals move back and forth between stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Enhance Enjoyment

A
  • customizing mode, intensity, duration, format (group or individual, instructor led or videotaped), and location (outside/inside, home or facility)
  • develop individualized plans that match client preferences and expectations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Minimize Boredom

A
  • variety of PA and diversity of program options
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Preventing Relapse

A
  • relapse: complete cessation of behavior change and a return to previous pattern of behavior
  • lapse: break in activity that may lead to full-blown relapse and a return to previous sedentary lifestyle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Strategies to prepare for lapses and to restart PA

A
  • planning ahead for high-risk situations
  • identifying alternate activities that can be done in place of usual activity
  • planning to exercise as soon as possible after a break
  • enhancing accountability and support systems
  • modifying goals to avoid discouragement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

To sustain motivation…

A
  • recognize relevant personal benefits of PA (physical, psychological, social)
  • generalize training geared to future environments (expand to diff. settings to facilitate ongoing participation)
  • regular reassessment of PA goals- opportunity to verify goals are relevant, realistic, and motivating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Client-Centered Coaching Approach

A
  • promotes collaborative relationship between client and professional
  • acheives desired outcomes using skills and processes that are personally relevant and self-directed
  • associated with: higher client satisfaction, increased medication compliance, reduction in client’s concerns, reduction in actual symptoms
20
Q

Client-Centered Coaching Approach: 5 A’s Model

A
  1. Assess: health and PA and client’s stage of change, benefits and barriers, self-efficacy, and social support system
  2. Advise: advising with recommendations tailored to client
  3. Agree: client and CEp agree on type and level of intervention and establish goals
  4. Assisst: CEP assissts in developing an action plan, strategies for behavior chance, and resources
  5. Arrange: CEP arranges next steps

collaborative, cooperative, establish rapport, communicate empathy, active listening, reflection, open-ended questions, attentive to nonverbal communication

21
Q

Socioecological factors that contribute to active living

A
  • consider relationships among socioecological factors (intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, and organizational factors) and PA
  • Walkability and connectivity
  • Active travel alternatives
  • quality public space, minimal incivilities
  • social interaction and inclusion
  • perceived and objectively safe environments
  • domestic environments can be made to be more active
22
Q

Group Coaching

A
  • group settings provide a natural support system as well as other advantages
  • provide feedback to each other based on experiences
  • develop self-efficacy from peer role models and emulate others’ successful techniques
  • evaluate practicality of desired goals, objectives, and plans
  • encourage commitment and accountability
  • develop solutions for barriers
  • need to positively manage group dynamics and group process
23
Q

Mental Health disorders

A
  • characterized by disturbance in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors significant enough to affect individual’s functioning
  • occur in half of all people in US at least once in lifetime- can be transient or chronic and range from mild to severe
  • some are more prevalent in those with chronic disease- disruptions in mental health can affect glycemic control, immunity, and CV functioning; behaviorally mental health concerns can adversely affect medication adherence, treatment compliance, exercise, nutrition habits, sleep patterns, and substance abuse
  • those with poor mental health are less likely to be physically active and have greater rates of early mortality
24
Q

Mental Health Disorders: exercise associated with:

A
  • reduced symptoms of depresion and anxiety
  • improved self-esteem
  • better functioning and quality of life
  • improved sleep quality and less fatigue
  • reductions in pain and physical complaints
  • improved cognitive function
  • PA can have advantages over mental health treatments; convenient, accessible, few negatice side effects, and positive side effects of better fitness and improved health
25
Q

Stress

A
  • acute and chronic stressors
  • symptoms of psychological stress overlap with depression and anxiety disorders
  • acute stress = elevated HR and BP
  • prolonged stress = susceptibilty to illness
  • high levels of stress may be associated with higher pain ratings, feelings of anger and irritability, increased risk of injury
  • stress may also negatively influence health behaviors, including smoking, sleep, diet, medication compliance, and PA
26
Q

Stress interentions

A
  • potential relief from stress by participating in PA
  • enhancing social support networks
  • self-help or support groups
  • relaxation training including biofeedback, guided imagery, and progressive relaxation
  • resilience training
  • psychotherapy
27
Q

Depression

A
  • mood disorder characterized by discrete symptoms that are present most of the day, nearly ever day, for at least two weeks
  • 1 in 5 US adults experience mood disorder sometime in life (depression = most common)
  • persistent depressive disorder: more chronic depression characterized by less severe symptoms, with or without episodes of major depression, lasting at least two years
  • Bipolar disorder: characterized by periods of both depression and mania- symptoms of mania = extreme elation/irritability, increased energy and decreased need for sleep, grandiose ideas, inflated self-esteem, distractibility, increased goal-directed activity, physical agitation, and poor judgement, or inappropriate behavior
  • depression affects all gender, age, socioeconomic
  • increased risk = younger americans (18-25), women, sedentary, triggered by stressful life events or physiological factors (genetics, biological, social, and cognitive factors)
28
Q

Depression treatments

A
  • antidepressant medications: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and older medications such as tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • can take several weeks to decrease symptoms, and often adjustment of dosage for optional therapeutic effect (some side effects may be relevant to exercise participation- weight change, fatigue, insomnia)
  • Psychotherapy: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal psychotherapy
  • exercise can be helpful as an adjunctive treatment for individuals who have depressive disorders
  • if mild depression, exercise may be good alternative antidepressant treatment with monitored systems
  • exercise does similar to general recommendations
29
Q

Risk of suicide

A
  • immediate action is needed if client communicates planned harmful or suicidal inentions- mental health provider- referred to a local suicide or crisis center (988)- taken directly to hospital/ER; client should be accompanied to help and not left alone
30
Q

Suicide prevention strategies

A
  • addressing economic factors
  • improving access to and delivery of mental health care
  • creating protective environments
  • promoting connectedness
  • increasing coping and problem-solving skills
  • identifying and supporting those at risk
31
Q

Anxiety

A
  • feature of most anxiety disorders= unwarranted sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation in response to anticipated risk or danger - women 2x as likely to suffer from anxiety disorders
  • Panic disorder: anxiety disorder involving experience of sudden, unexpected periods of intense fear; panic attack symptoms- accelerated HR, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, sensation of choking, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, and tingling
  • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): characterized by chronic, exaggerated worry that occurs more days than not for at least 6 months with at least 3 of the following symtoms: feeling restlessness or keyed up, having trouble concentrating, being irritable, feeling fatigued easily, muscle tension, sleep problems such as difficulty falling or staying asleep
32
Q

Anxiety disorders

A
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): involves experience of disturbing and irrational thoughts (obsessions) and need to engage in repeated behaviors or rituals (compulsions) to prevent/ relieve anxiety
  • Specific phobias: specific and intense fears triggered by presence or anticipation of objects/ situations; symptoms= excessive sweating, heart pounding, shaking, shortness of breath, and/or nausea
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): develops after experiencing or witnessing an intense, traumatic event; symptoms= repeated disturbing thoughts of trauma, nightmares, sleep disturbances, feeling like event is recurring, tend to be hypervigilant, sleep difficulties, irritability, startle easily
  • Social anxiety disorder (social phobia): characterized by intense anxiety and self-consciousness during normal social situations in which there is a possibility of scrutiny by others
33
Q

Anxiety treatments

A
  • diagnosis of anxiety disorders can only be made by trained professionals using standard diagnostic criteria
  • common meds = antidepressant meds, benzodiazeines and beta-blockers
  • targeted psychotherapy indicated for anxiety disorders (ex: CBT, exposure therapy, relaxation therapy)
34
Q

PA and anxiety

A
  • reduces risk of developing an anxiety disorder
  • exercise may be useful in reducing symptoms of stress and anxiety in healthy people, chronic illness people, and clinical anxiety disorder people
35
Q

Eating Disorders

A
  • disordered eating comprises a spectrum of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional symptoms involving disturbances in eating and body image
  • Anorexia nervosa: person has insufficient calorie intake to sustain normal body weight for age and height- health complications: osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, electrolyte imbalances, cardiac arrhythmias, sometimes early death
  • Bulimia nervosa: episodes of binge eating and compensatory purging via self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, excessive exercise to prevent weight gain; health consequences: GI disturbances, electrolyte imbalances, esophageal ruptures, pancreatitis, and erosion of tooth enamel
  • Binge-eating disorder: involves recurrent binge-eating episodes during which individual lacks control over how much he/she is eating and eats more than what most people would eat in similar time period
36
Q

Eating disorders: professional assessment

A
  • medical evaluation to assess body weight and health problems
  • psychological evaluation to assess severity of eating disorder and presence of comorbid mental disorders
  • nutritional consulation to evaluate current eating habits
37
Q

Eating Disorders Treatment

A
  • multifaceted process that involves team of health care professionals: mental health counselors, physicians, psychologists, and nutritionists (regulate energy balance)
  • maybe inpatient setting
  • psychotherapy is important
  • ability to recognize and alert/refer for treatment if needed
38
Q

Substance Abuse Disorders

A
  • include disorders associated with use of alcohol, prescribed/ over-the-counter medications, and toxins such as inhalants
  • features = social impairment, risky use, impaired control, and pharmacological criteria (tolerance and withdrawal)
  • professional assessment critical to ensure safety of individual and to implement appropriate treatment
  • most likely to recognize symptoms of substance use during acute intoxicationor report of questionable behavior (concerns w/ performance-enhancing drugs when working with athletes)
39
Q

Substance abuse disorders and exercise

A
  • therapeutic treatment for substance use, adjunctive therapy within integrative treatment program
  • favorable neurobiological adaptations
  • distraction and coping
  • enhanced self-esteem and sens of control
  • increased social support
  • management of comorbid risk factors such as depression and anxiety
40
Q

CVD and stress

A
  • chronic life stress is associated with increased risk factors and development of CVD
  • acute stress- trigger cardiac events
  • acute negative emotional states
  • anger, anxiety, and frustration are associated with myocardial ischemia
41
Q

CVD and Depression (common link)

A
  • ex: CHD- associated with worse prognosis
  • mechanisms may involve SNS and PNS changes and increase activation of pituitary adrenal axis
  • depressive clients may have poor adherence to medical treatments
42
Q

Role of social support

A
  • widely recognized as an independent predictor of health and well-being
  • social isolation- associated with increase in all-cause CVD mortality and 1-year post MI
  • low social support associated with poor clinical pronosis- those with HF and stable CVD
43
Q

Stroke

A
  • most common psychological reaction in people suffering a stroke= depression (rate of 30%)
  • contributing factors: institutionalization, pre-stroke alcohol use, impairment of ACL, perception of social support
44
Q

Heart Failure

A
  • depression and anxiety in heart failure both appear to be associated with sympathetic activation and catecholamine release as well as abnormal platelet reactivity
  • depression is associated with elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines
45
Q

Diabetes

A
  • stress, depression, and anxiety are more prevalent among patients with DM than general population
  • stress may suddenly cause onset of DM or compromise glucose control after disease is established
46
Q

COPD

A
  • common psychological reactions= anger, frustration, guilt, dependency, embarrassment - depression and anxiety
  • depression agravated bc of: worsening dyspnea and fatigue, perceived poor health- may lead to decrease in functional capacity and exercise tolerance
  • dyspnea is conjucntion with fear of suffocation and death is a source of significant anxiety
  • pulmonary rehab improves COPD patient’s quality fo life
  • exercise therapy combined with psychological interventions improves mood, anxiety, neurocognitive funcitoning, relief of dyspnea, improved functioning and control of disease
  • psychological interventions on their own- reduce breathlessness and general disability and improve QOL
47
Q

Asthma

A
  • association between emotional stress and various indices of impaired airway function
  • anxiety common in asthma patients with panic disorder
  • stress management, yoga, biofeedback, and symptom perception have been shown to reduce measures of asthma morbidity and improve patient quality of life
  • asthma education and management= improve frequency of asthma attacks and symptoms, medication adherence, and self-management skills

Clinical Exercise Physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions