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Respiratory diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Bacterial causes of respiratory diseases

A

Pasteurellosis
Pleuropneumonia
Enzootic pneumonia
Glasser’s disease
Bordatella/atrophic

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2
Q

Viral causes of respiratory diseases

A

Swine influenza
PRRS

PRCV
PCMV
PCV2

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3
Q

Parasitic causes of respiratory diseases

A

Metastrongylus
Migrating ascarids

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4
Q

Immune defenses in the nasal chamber

A

Innate: physical barrier, phagocytes, anti-bacterial peptides, colostral IgA

Acquired: cell mediated (T, B cells), slgA

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5
Q

Progressive atrophic rhinitis

A

Bordatella bronchiseptica
Pasteurella multocida (toxigenic)

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6
Q

Catarrhal rhinitis

A

Influenza (H1N1)

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7
Q

Primary bacterial pathogens in pneumonia

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Actinobacillus suis

Bordatella bronchiseptica

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

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8
Q

Mixed/secondary bacterial pathogens in pneumonia

A

Glasserella parasuis

Mycoplasma hyorhinitis

Pasteurella multocida

Streptococcus suis

Trueperella pyogenes

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9
Q

Primary viral pathogens in pneumonia

A

Aujeszky’s
Influenza
PRRSV

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10
Q

Mixed/secondary virus pathogens in pneumonia

A

PCMV

PCV2

PRCV

TTV

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11
Q

Clinical observations in catarrhal bronchopneumonia

A

Dependent lobe consolidation

Pigs coughing but not ‘sick’

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12
Q

Possible agents causing catarrhal bronchopneumonia

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Mycoplasma hyorhinitis

Streptococcal spp

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13
Q

Key clinical observations in Purulent bronchopneumonia - ‘Porcine respiratory disease complex’ (PRDC)

A

Coughing, dyspnoea

Lethargy and inappetence

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14
Q

Agents identified in Purulent bronchopneumonia - ‘Porcine respiratory disease complex’ (PRDC)

A

M. hyopneumoniae

Pasteurella multocida

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

Porcine circovirus 2 -PCV2

Porcine reproductive and resp. syndrome virus - PRRSV

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15
Q

Key clinical observations in Acute fibrinous necrotising pleuro-pneumonia (mild case)

A

Severe dyspnoea

Depression, prostration, anorexia

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16
Q

Typical agent in Acute fibrinous necrotising pleuro-pneumonia (mild case)

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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17
Q

Key clinical observations in Chronic necrotising pleuropneumonia

A

Variable coughing, dyspnoea

Variable anorexia and fever

With sporadic acute cases

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18
Q

Key clinical observations of Embolic pneumonia (pyaemia)

A

Sporadic cases only

Rarely cough

Exercise intolerance

Evidence of primary lesion

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19
Q

Typical agent in embolic pneumonia (pyaemia)

A

Arcanobacter pyogenes
S. aureus

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20
Q

Key clinical observations in disseminated broncho-interstitial viral type pneumonias

A

Acute onset widespread coughing
Acute onset lethargy and anorexia

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21
Q

Typical agent in disseminated broncho-interstitial viral type pneumonias

A

Influenza virus

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22
Q

Key clinical observations in interstitial viral type pneumonias

A

Depends on causal agent

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23
Q

Agents identified in interstitial viral type pneumonias

A

PCV2: PMWS, dyspnoea
PRRSV: reproductive problems

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24
Q

Agents usually identified in pleurisy/pleuritis

A

M. Hyopneumoniae/ M. hyorhinis, Glaesserella parasuis, A. pleuropneumoniae, P. multocida

Underlying viral challenge (PRRSV, PCV2)

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25
Q

Pasteurella multocida

A

Commensal

Secondary invaders in many porcine respiratory diseases

Primary pathogen in pneumonic pasteurellois or pasteurella septicaemia

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26
Q

Incidence of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Among top 3 most frequent diagnoses

World wide distribution

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27
Q

Aetiology of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Pasteurella multocida

Primary infections include - influenza, mycoplasma, PRRSV

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28
Q

Epidemiology of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Mostly sporadic in 10-20 week old growing pigs

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29
Q

Clinical signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Finishers (10wks-finish)
Pyrexia
Anorexia
Dyspnoea
Some sudden deaths (septicaemia)

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30
Q

Diagnosis of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Clinical signs and isolation
Necropsy and culture

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31
Q

Post mortem of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

acute necrotising and fibrinous bronchopneumonia

Demarcated consolidation of anteroventral lung lobes (grey-pink)

Mucopurulent exudate in airways

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32
Q

Differential diagnoses of pneumotic pasteurellosis

A

A. pleuropneumoniae, G. parasuis.

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33
Q

Treatment of pneumotic pasteurellosis

A

Antibiotic therapy
- penicillin
- streptomycin
- oxytetracycline

Anti-inflammatory
- Ketoprofen

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34
Q

Control of pneumotic pasteurellosis

A

Optimise herd management: AIAO, ventilation

Vaccination against Mycoplasma and/or PRRSV

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35
Q

Septicaemic pasteurellosis

A

consequence of uncontrolled pneumonia and a cause of ‘sudden’ death in young and growing pigs

Sudden onset of depression and some deaths

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36
Q

Aetiology of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
kill macrophages & neutrophils lowering defences

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37
Q

Epidemiology of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Low clinical incidence but hogh mortality
Tonsil carriage with often multiple strains present
occasionally see sudden outbreak of disease where no other pigs introduced into herd
Chiefly affects pigs from 2 - 6 months of age

38
Q

Clinical signs of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Sudden onset
A few sudden deaths
Other pigs severely ill, anorexic, depressed
Pyrexia
Dyspnoea with jerky breathing
May see blood stained foamy mucus coming from nose and mouth

39
Q

Postmortem signs of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Acute fibrinous haemorrhagic pleuropneumonia

Peracute: lung dark red and firm, lesions black/red (cannon ball haemorrhagic lesions)

Chronic: pleurisy

40
Q

Differential diagnoses for actinobacillus pleauropneumoniae

A

Enzootic pneumonia – usually EP is a much less severe, more chronic infection

Pneumonic pasteurellosis - PM needed to differentiate as some similar signs.

Swine influenza - younger pigs worst affected, URT signs, post mortem findings.

Mortality much lower in SI. Glasser’s disease

Mulberry heart - often sudden death with abnormal heart but no pericarditis. Respiratory signs much more apparent in APP.

41
Q

Treatment of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

parenteral antibiotic treatment for severely affected pigs - spectinomycin, tilmicosin, tulathromycin, oxytetracycline

Consider mass medication

42
Q

Vaccine for actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

A

Toxoid vaccine available

43
Q

Aetiology of enzootic pneumonia

A

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

With frequent superimposed secondary infection (e.g. pasteurella multocida)

44
Q

Epidemiology of enzootic pneumonia

A

attaches to epithelial lining of lower airways

spread is mostly pig to pig and also by wind/aerosol

Immunity can be short - lived

45
Q

Infection of a naive herd with enzootic pneumonia

A

may lead to signs of pneumonia in all ages from 10 day old piglets to sows

In most chronically infected herds the growing (post weaning) pig is most often affected

46
Q

Clinical signs of enzootic pneumonia

A

dry barking cough, non productive and worsened by exercise

may show signs of severe dyspnoea

47
Q

PM of enzootic pneumonia

A

sharp consolidation of ventral parts of apical, cardiac and diaphragmatic lung lobes

Lymphocytic cuffing around bronchioles

48
Q

Differential diagnoses for enzootic pneumonia

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - more acute, highly fatal and specific pathology.

Metastrongylus apri infestation - outdoor pigs - find parasites in lungs.

Swine influenza - short course, less common, mostly URT infection.

Glasser’s disease - sudden onset of polyserositis - joints affected. Culture G parasuis.

Porcine respiratory coronavirus: widespread coughing with few other clinical signs.

49
Q

Treatment of enzootic pneumonia

A

antibiotic therapy e.g. tylosin, tiamulin, tulathromycin (Draxxin, Pfizer)

Must treat early

Steroids/NSAIDs can help in acute cases with secondary pasteurellosis

50
Q

Control of enzootic pneumonia

A

Vaccination (inactivated)
Eradication by partial depop repop

51
Q

Aetiology of glassers disease

A

Glaesserella parasuis

Mostly serotypes 4 and 5 (plus 7)

52
Q

Epidemiology of Glassers disease

A

Transfer of virulent and non-virulent strains from sow to piglet during suckling

when pigs are weaned and mixed

53
Q

Clinical signs of Glassers disease

A

sudden onset and several pigs affected at the same time

pyrexia (41C)

anorexia

cough

dyspnoea

lameness with swollen joints

CNS signs

Septicaemia

Chronic cases: chronic arthritis, GI obstruction due to peritonitis and heart failure

54
Q

Diagnosis of glassers disease

A

history and clinical signs. PCR on swabs or suspect culture isolates

Culture of the organism from joints and other tissues

55
Q

Post mortem of glassers disease

A

polyserositis
polyarthritis
fibrinous meningitis
peritonitis
pleurisy

56
Q

Differential diagnoses for Glassers disease

A

Swine erysipelas - mostly chronic lameness with epiphyseal enlargement rather than swelling of joint capsules.

Mycoplasma hyosynoviae - milder disease.

Streptococcal infections - often lead to meningitis and occasionally polyserositis

57
Q

Treatment of Glassers disease

A

Parenteral antibiotics
- penicillin/streptomycin
- oxytetracycline
- trimethoprim sulpha

58
Q

Aetiology of atrophic rhinitis

A

Toxigenic strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica (zoonotic) and Pasteurella multocida type D

here are progressive (PAR) and non – progressive (NPAR) forms

59
Q

Epidemiology of atrophic rhinitis

A

Disease in neonates and newly weaned pig

spread by direct or droplet contact

Bordetella bronchiseptica is a common inhabitant of the pig’s nasal cavity

toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida produces a osteolytic toxin which has a predilection for the turbinate bones

60
Q

Clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis

A

first seen at 3 - 9 weeks

sneeze and have a clear or purulent nasal discharge

Occasional nasal haemorrhage seen and piglets may rub their blocked noses on the floor

later evidence of facial deformity and lacrimal staining

61
Q

Dianosis of atrophic rhinitis

A

Nasal swabs for bacteriology - PCR or ELISA

62
Q

Post mortem of atrophic rhinitis

A

a degree of destruction of the turbinates

63
Q

Differential diagnoses of atrophic rhinitis

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica infection by itself – rhinitis (NPAR), tear staining and sometimes pneumonia in pigs > 1 week - usually no signs of snout deviation in older pigs.

Inclusion body rhinitis - milder disease usually only transient effect and no turbinate damage (swine herpesvirus).

Swine influenza - severe disease - usually affecting older pigs with acute respiratory signs and no turbinate damage.

Necrotic rhinitis - uncommon but may accompany atrophic rhinitis or follow from other trauma. Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum causing rhinitis and facial swellings - ‘bull nose’. Lesions in mouth and on skin as well as nose. High mortality.

Inherited prognathia - individual piglets have excessively long lower jaws.

64
Q

Treatment of atrophic rhinitis

A

Helps in early stages but doesn’t reverse facial deformity

Tylosin or trimethoprim - sulpha

Vaccinate sows and gilts

65
Q

Aetiology of swine influenza

A

Acute, zoonotic respiratory infection

Influenza A virus - Orthomyxovirus

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2

66
Q

Epidemiology of swine flu

A

High jmorbidity but low mortality

Direct pig-pig transmission via infected droplets

Young pigs most frequently affected

67
Q

Clinical signs of swine flu

A

T41.5C,
anorexia,
jerky breathing,
sneezing,
painful (sometimes paroxysmal) cough,
Ocular conjunctivae inflamed
Muscles painful and stiff
Severe weight loss
Usually sudden recovery in 4 - 6 days.
Sows may abort following infection and surviving piglets may be born with deformed or infected lungs.

68
Q

Diagnosis of swine flu

A

Antibody ELISA on serum and haemagglutination inhibition test

69
Q

Post mortem of swine flu

A

severe congestion of URT,
cervical and mediastinal LN’s enlarged.
Thick exudate in bronchi.
Localised red - purple areas of lung collapse
Emphysema may surround collapsed areas.
Some lung necrosis.

70
Q

Differential diagnoses of swine flu

A

Enzootic pneumonia - more chronic and insidious.

Classical Swine Fever - other systems involved.

Atrophic rhinitis - bony changes. APP – cases more sporadic but higher mortality.

Inclusion body rhinitis - can look very similar in young pigs.

71
Q

Treatment of swine flu

A

Oral or parenteral antibiotics for secondary infection
Nursing care

72
Q

Aetiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)

A

Virus belongs to Arteriviridae family - two genogroups

73
Q

Epidemiology of PRRS

A

virus present in semen and in faeces.
Windborne spread is possible Fomites

Virus may take 5 months to spread through herd causing abortion etc.

Viraemia can persist for up to 70 days and shedding in semen for up to 40 days.

Respiratory disease (with PRRS underlying secondary pathogens) may persist in herd for years.

Multiple infections with different strains of PRRS may occur in the same herd in series or in parallel – heterologous immune protection is weak .

74
Q

Clinical signs of PRRS

A

Very variable

Reproductive failure - late abortion, stillbirth, weak piglets may persist for many months.

Respiratory disease - pyrexia, anorexia, cough, dyspnoea, skin discolouration and ill - thrift.

75
Q

Diagnosis of PRRS

A

herd history of breeding losses and respiratory disease

A number of serological tests are available – best is the IDEXX ELISA.

Herd serological profiles

oral fluid (OF) can be tested as an alternative to serum.

PCR is available for use on blood, lung and semen.

Immunostain available for lung tissue.

Necropsy – heavy rubbery lungs due to interstitial pneumonia in growing pigs.

Virus also detectable in tissues using fluorescent antibody. Increased pleural fluid.

Enlarged LNN

Histopathology:
* Reduced alveolar macrophages
* Increased Type 2 pneumocytes
* Insterstitial pneumonia
* IHC for PRRSV.

76
Q

Differential diagnoses of PRRS

A

Reproductive
e.g. parvovirus,
leptospirosis, brucellosi

Respiratory
e.g. enzootic
pneumonia (M hyopneumoniae), Pasteurella multocida, Strep. suis, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae & Glaesserella parasuis (Glasser’s disease

77
Q

Treatment and control of PRRS

A

vaccination of all breeding females and replacement gilts.

may be economic to vaccinate growing pigs as well as breeding stock.

Vaccine: Modified live freeze dried vaccine for use in growing pigs from 6 weeks upwards and in breeding pigs. May cause abortion in pregnant sows if they are naive.

78
Q

Aetiology of Procine respiratory coronoavirus (PRCV)

A

coronavirus very similar to the TGE virus

Maternal antibody persists until 5-6 months

Broncho-interstitial pneumonia.

79
Q

Clinical signs of PRCV

A

signs of broncho-interstitial pneumonia, pyrexia, coughing, anorexia and delayed growth.

Clinically difficult to differentiate from enzootic pneumonia.

No gastro - intestinal signs seen.

80
Q

Diagnosis of PRCV

A

ELISA serology, virus isolation

PM: low grade broncho-interstitial pneumonia

81
Q

Control of PRCV

A

once endemic then usually little indication to control. No vaccines available.

82
Q

Aetiology of pig cytomegalovirus/inclusion body rhinitis

A

Porcine cytomegalovirus (beta herpesvirus)

common cause of rhinitis in suckling pigs

83
Q

Epidemiology of inclusion body rhinitis

A

transmission by direct pig - pig contact or aerosol.

Transplacental / perinatal infection after reactivation of latent infection in pregnant sow possible.

Mostly affects young pigs pre/per-weaning

84
Q

Clinical signs of inclusion body rhinitis

A

mostly in pigs < 3 weeks of age.

Sneezing,serous nasal discharge (occasionally bloody) and brown ocular discharge.

High morbidity and low mortality

In naive herds - symptoms much more severe.

Piglets may have generalised disease with diarrhoea followed by anaemia, rhinitis, pulmonary oedema, pneumonia and death.

Adult pigs may show respiratory signs and may see stillbirth and abortion in sows.

85
Q

Diagnosis of inclusion body rhinitis

A

ELISA for serum antibodies.

Inclusion bodies from nasal swabs and tissues including nasal discharge from sacrificed piglets.

PCR to detect nucleic acid.

86
Q

Differential diagnoses of inclusion body rhinitis

A

atrophic rhinitis - herd history, bony changes,

necrotic rhinitis - necrotic tissues and facial swelling,

swine influenza - sudden onset and affects older pigs too.

87
Q

Treatment of inclusion body rhinitis

A

Antibiotic therapy to control secondary infection

Usually self limiting

88
Q

Aujeszkys disease (pseudorabies)

A

Respiratory disease (pneumonia) is a feature of infection by some strains in weaner, grower and finisher pigs.

Necropsy reveals anteroventral dark red consolidation with evidence of extensive necrotizing bronchointerstitial pneumonia.

not present in the UK

notifiable disease.

Swine herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1)

Clinical presentation is age specific:
○ <4 wks: neurological, mortality <100%.
○ 4 wks – 5 months: neurological + pneumonia, mortality <15%
○ Adult: few clinical signs
§ Abortion and mummification
§ URT coughing
§ Rare neurological signs

Slaughter policy in UK,

89
Q

PCV2 pneumonia (porcine circovirus associated disease)

A

Interstitial pneumonia

Heavy, grey, rubbery lung

part of Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)

90
Q

Post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome

A

May see pulmonary oedema alone (cardiac failure)

91
Q

Metastrongylosis

A

Metastrongylus apri & Metastrongylus edentatus

coughing and dyspnoea in piglets or growing pigs.

adult worms 45 mm long found in the bronchi / bronchioles of the diaphragmatic lobes of the lungs.

Ivomec injection

Pigs (13 decks)

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