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Pigs > Breeding management > Flashcards

Breeding management Flashcards

1
Q

Puberty in the female

A

From around 5 months
Gilts: 150-180days of age, at approx 90-100kg
Not fully fertile in first cycles

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2
Q

Factors affecting age at puberty

A

genotype

nutrition – energy, protein content and quality (especially lysine)

boar contact

stress – transport, mixing

seasonal factors ?

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3
Q

Length of oestrus cycle

A

21 days (19-23)

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4
Q

Average duration of oestrus

A

60hrs

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5
Q

Average numbers of piglets born

A

14

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6
Q

Length of gestation

A

116 days (113-119)

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7
Q

Seasonal trends

A

More fertile in late autumn

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8
Q

Commercial lactation length

A

3-5 weeks - rapid cessation after weaning

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9
Q

WHen does first oestrus after weaning occur?

A

4-6 days

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10
Q

Weaning to service interval

A

5.5 days

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11
Q

After which parity does performance drop significantly

A

6

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12
Q

Most productive parities

A

3, 4, 5

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13
Q

Maiden gilt

A

An unserved female

about 100kg at first service

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14
Q

In-pig gilt

A

From successful service to farrowing

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15
Q

Sow

A

From birth of her first litter onwards

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16
Q

Sow herd

A

Sows plus in-pig gilts

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17
Q

Youngest a gilt is usually served

A

210 days (optimum is 220-240)

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18
Q

Minimum weight a gilt should be served

A

130kg

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19
Q

Best feed for gilts

A

Gilt specific ration with higher levels of protein, calcium, and phosphorus

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20
Q

Breeding age of gilts

A

From 7 months

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21
Q

Annual herd replacement rate

A

50-55%

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22
Q

Farrowing index

A

Litters per sow per year

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23
Q

Empty days

A

time from farrowing to successful conception

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24
Q

Non-productive days

A

time from weaning to successful conception (Min = 5days)

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25
Q

Weaning-to-conception interval

A

affected by the interval from weaning to service, and subsequent conception

ideally 5 days, but each ‘return’ will add approx 21 days.

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26
Q

Farrowing interval

A

lactation 27 days

wean-service 5 days

gestation ~116 days (common average)

theoretical minimum = 147 d (21wks)

~52/21 = 2.47 litters /sow/year

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27
Q

Parity profile

A

The breakdown of ages within a herd

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28
Q

When do boars reach puberty?

A

8-9 months, but sexual activity starts earlier

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29
Q

When do boars approach ‘workable fertility’

A

10-11 months

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30
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take

A

about 7 weeks (so can be infertile 6-7 weeks after illness)

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31
Q

Boar:sow ratios

A

1:20 on indoor units
1:15 on outdoor units

32
Q

Pheremones of a boar

A

5 alpha-androsterone

33
Q

Volume of semen production

A

150-250ml

34
Q

Transport heat

A

Gilts come on heat 3-7 days after delivery

35
Q

How can you artificially establish and maintain luteal phase

A

Synthetic oral progesterone (Altrenogest - Regumate)

36
Q

Why are prostaglandin regimes not successful in the pig?

A

CL is refractory to the effects except for a very short period

37
Q

Oestrus cycle

A

Oestrus: about 60hrs
Dioestrus (luteal phase): approx. 12 days
Prooestrus: 5 days

37
Q

Signs of oestrus

A

Oedema and redness of vulva
Seeking out boar
Mounting behaviour between females
Standing reflex to back pressure
Vocalisation
Restlessness
Drop in appetite

37
Q

Length of copulation

A

5-15 minutes

38
Q

Stimulation of oestrus

A

Boar exposure - intermeittent more effective

39
Q

How long are ova and sperm viable for?

A

Ova: 8-10hrs
Sperm: 36-48hrs

So optimum timing for mating is 8-10 hrs before ovulation

40
Q

When to serve

A

Server every 24 hours during standing oestrus

41
Q

Pregnancy

A

blastocyst stage persists for six days,

elongation and dispersal takes place during day nine to twelve,

attachment to the endometrium commences approximately 13-15 days after oestrus, and is usually completed by day 21

42
Q

Target of pigs born alive per sow per year

A

Over 31

43
Q

Target for pigs born alive per litter

A

15 or more

44
Q

Target for litters per sow per year

A

2.4

45
Q

Conception failure

A

Too many returns to service

46
Q

Litter scatter

A

a poor Litter Scatter is small litters upsetting the system

(classically this has been more than 15% of litters of 8 piglets or fewer; however, in modern production systems litters of 10 or fewer from 15% of sows would be considered to be poor performance – or 10% with 8 or fewer),

47
Q

Specific infectious causes of infertility

A

Absent from the UK and notifiable
· Aujeszky’s disease
· Classical swine fever (CSF)
· Brucella suis (not notifiable)

Present in the UK
· Porcine parvovirus (PPV)
· SMEDI viruses other than PPV
· Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)
· Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) -some evidence
· Swine Erysipelas (SE)
· Leptospirosis
· Chlamydophila (?)
· Trueperella abortisuis
· Mycotic abortion
· Swine influenza (SIV) due to the effects of the fever.

48
Q

Non-specific infectious causes of infertility

A

· Vaginitis/cervicitis/endometritis - often post farrowing and chronic;

Orchitis etc.

Any systemic infection producing a high fever (>40°C)

Abortion associated with non-specific metritis

Lameness – especially in the boar, but also the sow or gilt that cannot stand for service

49
Q

Non-infectious causes of infertility

A

Incorrect nutrition

‘Physiologically sub-optimal management’ = “Stress”

Heat stress, cold stress

Sunburn and photosensitisation

Seasonal infertility

Behavioural stresses – bullying and fighting

Mycotoxicosis

Quality of service – natural & AI (sperm transport, stimulation of oxytocin release, etc.)

Human factors – natural & AI

Herd (sows and boars) age, and parity profile

Lameness in boar or sow inhibiting service

50
Q

Reasons for failure to concieve

A

Not even served

Gilt anoestrus (rare possible <3%)

Sow post-weaning anoestrus

51
Q

Farrowing rate

A

those which actually farrow

Losses will include resorptions, (long returns), abortions, culling, deaths of sows etc.

52
Q

Regular returns

A

based on 3wk integers – (19-23d)

53
Q

Irregular returns

A

other intervals - <19s, 24-37d, 47-56d, >68d,

after that it becomes blurred, the assumption is that conception had occurred.

54
Q

Late returns

A

> 11wks post service up to farrowing – previously assumed by staff to be pregnant, important to know if they were confirmed in pig, and by whom?

55
Q

Possible treatments for poor conception and fertilitsation

A

Injectable synthetic peptide analogues of GrRH

Buserelin (Porceptal), Peforelin (Maprelin): Given after weaning, to increase stimulation to increase FSH/LH (Buserelin) or FSH (for Peforelin)

Synchronisation (gilts)
- Altrenogest (Regumate, MSD), given orally for 18days, oestrus 5-7 days later

Ovarian stimulation (gilts)
- PG600 (MSD) Gonadotrophins (FSH/LH)

56
Q

Causes of foetal death

A

Stress

PPV

(Other) SMEDI virus infection

Aujeszky’s disease (Notifiable) - not currently in UK

CSF (Notifiable)

PRRS

PCV2 ?

Litter size – absolute numbers – placental space

Parvo and enteroviruses spread slowly through the litter (get more and more mummified), CSF spreads very quickly

57
Q

Specific infectious causes of abortion

A

PRRS

Erysipelas (SE)

Mycotic abortion

Leptospirosis

Trueperella abortisuis

PCV2 ?

Aujeszky’s disease

58
Q

Non-specific infectious causes of abortion

A

Bacterial metritis/placentitis

Any febrile infection

Toxaemia - endotoxins etc

59
Q

Non-infectious causes of abortion

A

Sunburn

Heat stress

Photosensitisation

Toxaemia, - poisons, mycotoxins, physiological,

60
Q

Mummification

A

Dead some time before birth

61
Q

Stillbirth

A

Dead within a few days before or during parturition

62
Q

Causes of piglets not surviving to birth

A

PPV (mummified and still born)

PRRS (mummified, stillborn, weak)

Oxygen - placental separation, or trapped cord.

Birth weight

Birth order

Litter size

Premature/dysmature

63
Q

Causes of dystocia

A

Primary uterine inertia

Secondary uterine inertia

Foetal dystocia

Others

64
Q

Primary uterine inertia

A

Not common

Over fat sow

Over distension of uterus
□ overfull
□ hydrops foetus(es)

Lack of exercise

Hypocalcaemia (??)

Other illnesses - fevers etc (flu, PRRS)

Endocrine malfunction
□ Posterior pituitary
□ Lack of luteolysis

65
Q

Secondary uterine inertia

A

More common

Heat

Exhaustion

Dehydration

Hypocalcaemia?

Intercurrent disease

Prolonged foetal dystocia

Often leads to retention of foetal membranes

Often leads to failure to involute resulting in metritis

Dead putrefying foetuses

66
Q

Foetal dystocia

A

Actually not common

Log jams

Oversized foetuses (often few piglets = big piglets), so rare in big litters

Abnormals - splits, hydrocephalus, hydrops, etc

Dead and gassy

Malpresentations - rare, “T boned” and usually oversized

67
Q

Other causes of dystocia

A

Uterine rupture - usually operator induced

Uterine twists

Narrow pelvis - Genetic, poor growth, immature, historical accidents

Pelvic - cervical/vaginal/vulval damage - usually operator induced

?overdose of oxytocin (dose too big, rather than too frequent)

68
Q

Treatment of dystocia

A

Oxytocin - Always use, but don’t overdose!
□ 2-4 iu (0.2 -0.4ml) during farrowing
□ 6-10 iu (0.6-1.0ml) after (?) farrowing and next day

Antibiotics- Cover for infection
□ LA penicillin, or daily penicillin if badly damaged

Anti-inflammatories- especially if bruising/damage/swelling
□ Corticosteroids - are indicated
□ Dexamethasone (avoid ‘steroidaphobia’), very effective.

Pain relief- NSAID’s
□ Ketofen, Finadyne, Metacam. (Some farms use routinely, particularly in gilts)

Prostaglandins- To induce - must know due date
□ To expel remnants, only effective if used 24-48hrs post farrowing

Calcium- Some claim benefit

Pessaries- ?? if uterine inertia; ? may be cosmetic?, usually antiseptic

69
Q

C-section

A

Possible and pigs heal well

Usually for unresponsive inertia or pelvic blockage

GA – Ketamidor (the only licenced product) (Ketamine) 0.15 – 0.2mg/kg

After sedation with Stresnil (Azaperone) 1 – 2mg/kg

Flank incision either side

Can be big mechanical difficulties finding and manipulating the other half of uterus on far side

Or euthanase (by gun or humane killer, not pentobarbitone!) Then open midline and open uterus in situ and remove piglets; 3 mins allowed. Very good piglet survival rate

70
Q

Rectal prolapses

A

Annoying but often not affecting parturition

Sedate, Ring block with local, replace, purse string suture (with tape)

71
Q

Vaginal prolapse

A

Pre and rarely post farrowing

Sedate, lateral block with local, replace, ‘in-out’ cross-band suture. (with tape)

72
Q

Uterine prolapse

A

Can sometimes be replaced (not a ‘5 minute job’).

Surgically remove (heroic!) - possible but don’t ever try it

Euthanasia

Cover whilst piglets take colostrum or collected manually

Often get ruptured ovarian arteries

73
Q

Cervical prolapse

A

Push back in and use a purse string suture

Do not suture through sensitive tissue, do it through the surrounding skin

Replacement is relatively successful

74
Q

MMA (mastitis metritis agalactia)

A

A management disease
‘Farrowing fever’ but often not pyrexic

Constipation (is this the underlying physiological cause, or an effect?)
Mastitis
Metritis
Agalactia
Endotoxaemia? And/or ketosis?

75
Q

Treatment of MMA

A

Corticosteroids (dexamethazone)

Oxytocin 5iu (repeated as necessary)

Antibiotics - broad spectrum: Trimethroprim/sulphonamide, or Pen/Strep, or Oxytetracycline

Pain relief: NSAID’s - Ketofen, Finadyne, Metacam. (for anti-inflammatory role) Not if given corticosteroids

Physical comfort of sow

Supplementary feed to piglets – very important

Control, - target the management factors that pre-empt it

Pigs (13 decks)

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