Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Med Path Fall 2020 > Respiratory Disease I and II > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease I and II Flashcards

1
Q

Upper middle and lower airway

A

Upper:
Nose, mouth, nasopharynx, oropharynx.

Middle: Laryngeal

Lower: trachea, bronchi, brocnhioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 Respiratory system functions

A
  1. Ventilation: air into and out of body
  2. Gas exchange/diffusion
  3. Metabolism:
    - Convert angiotensin 1 to 2
    - Deactivation of bradykinin
    - Regulate pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diffusion requirements of alveoli

A

Intact, non thick. 0.5mm

Minimal interstitial space without additional fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Central and peripheral chemoceptors (CN 10) are stimulated by

A

pH of CSF
partial pressure of O2 and Co2

Drives skeletal muscles of respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

All respiratory diseases can be categorized into 3 things:

A
  1. Ventilation - Asthma
  2. Diffusion - Emphysema, COPD
  3. Perfusion - Pulmonary embolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can ventilation and diffusion lead to cell death?

A

Ventilation:
Blockage of airflow or inhibition of neural stimulation= hypoxia, hypercapnia = acidosis = cell death.

Diffusion:
Increased thickness or decreased partial pressure = blocked transfer of O2 = hypoxia and hypercapnia = acidosis = cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hemo vs pneumo thorax

A

Hemo- blood enters pleural sac.

Pneumo- Air enters pleural sac.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

80% of common cold is caused by

A

Rhinovirus. Spread thru respiratory droplets.

infection may spread to sinus, larynx, bronchus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sinitus

A

Swollen membranes prevent entry of air into sinus
Can be acute, chronic or recurrent.
Air, pus, mucus trapped.

Infection can move into orbit, more common in children.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

Limited lung expansion, reduced lung volume. Increased respiratory effort.

Could be due to

  • fibrosis
  • Neuromuscular disease. Defective innervation.
  • obesity
  • kyphosis (curvature of spine, no room for lungs)
  • Infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of restrictive lung diseases

A
  1. Pulmonary fibrosis
  2. Occupational lung disease- pneumoconiosis
  3. Sarcoidosis
  4. Pneumonia
  5. Tuberculosis
  6. Pulmonary edema (Cardiogenic, non cardiogenic)
  7. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (non cariogenic pulmonary edema causes this)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of obstructive respiratory diseases

A
  1. Sleep apnea
  2. Cystic fibrosis
  3. Asthma
  4. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    - Emphysema
    - Chronic Bronchitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis (restrictive lung diseases)

A

Group of pulmonary connective tissue diseases
Results in secondary HTN and right heart failure
Causes: Mainly idiopathic, then autoimmune diseases.
Symptoms: progressive SOB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Occupational lung disease (pneumoconiosis)

restrictive lung diseases

A

Lung disease associated with inhalant of small inorganic particles.

  1. Most common is antracosis. “Coal miners lung, black lung”
  2. Silicosis
  3. Asbestosis

Predisposing factors:

  • Exposure to pollutants
  • pre existing lung diseases
  • Duration, amount and particle size during exposure

Pathogensis: Macrophage secretes lysozyme to break down particles- ends up breaking down alveoli. Enzyme damage causes deposition of collagen.

Tx is palliative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sarcoidosis

restrictive lung diseases

A

Autoimmune disease caused by chronic granulomas that results in multiple organ damage- mostly lungs, but also lymph nodes, skin and eyes. (Can effect all parts of the eyeball, usually due to inflammation)

30-40 year old, AA > White, Women > men

Classic triad: Pulmonary involvement, Skin granulomas, eye and joint lesions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pneumonia

restrictive lung diseases

A

Inflammatory process secondary to infection (bacteria, virus, fungi)
Lung fills with fluid and exudate
Symptoms: Cough with sputum, fever, sharp chest pain on inspiration.

Viral cause: Rhinovirus, influenza
Bacterial cause: M or S pneumonia, B pertussis.

Types: Bronchial, lobar, interstitial.

17
Q

Tuberculosis

restrictive lung diseases

A

Inhaled droplet nuclei bypass upper airway defenses. Alveolar macrophage ingest bacterium but are unable to destroy them–> causes caveating granuloma.

  1. Primary, asymptomatic. 90%
  2. Secondary, reinfection after dormant. Damaging. 5%
  3. Progressive primary. After first infection. 5%

Symptom: Weight loss

Tb of the eye: Occurs in 1.4% of cases. Occur anywhere in orbit or adnexa.
Choroiditis > anterior uveitis > Sclerokeratitis

18
Q 
Pulmonary edema 
(restrictive lung diseases)
A

Fluid in and around alveoli. This interferes with gas exchange and increases work of breathing.

2 types-
Cardiogenic: heart failure.
Non-Cardiogenic: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, viral infection or toxins.

19
Q

Non cariogenic pulmonary edema may lead to:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome
restrictive lung diseases

A

Widespread pulmonary inflammation causes severe hypoxia.
Mortality rate is 30-60% even with treatment.

Could be caused by noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, >40% caused by sepsis, fibrosis, or atelectasis (alveolar collapse due to disruption of surfactant), emboli, or shock.

20
Q

How does ARDS progress in the alveoli.

A

Inflammatory response causes increased capillary permeability, which impairs gas exchange. leads to more inflammation and more tissue damage. Then deposition of hyaline and fibrosis. This decreases gas exchange and increases route gas has to travel.

21
Q

What is obstructive respiratory disease

A

Inability to completely exhale.

22
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea

A

Upper airway collapse during sleep.
Leads to reduction of airflow, oxygen desaturation, arousal from sleep, and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Most common type of sleep disordered breathing. More common in men.

Risk factors: Age, obesity, family Hx, neck circumference (17+ in men, 15+ in women) enlarged tonsils.

Dx with polysomnography (5+ on apnea hypopnea index)
Tx with cpap

Systemic effects: 2.5x stroke, 3x HTN, 3x CAD,

Ocular effects: Floppy eyelid syndrome, dry eye.

23
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive disease
White&raquo_space; hispanic, AA< asian
Chloride transport defect: Thick mucus with low water content.
Multi organ effects: lungs mainly

Symptoms: 
Delayed growth due to decrease nutrient uptake
Pneumonia 
Infertility. Testes in males
Pancreatitis- blocks glands- cysts.

Tx:
Mucolytics, antibiotics, chest percussion, lung transplant, hydration.

24
Q

Asthma

A

Intermittent or persistant airway obstruction
Bronchial hyper-responsiveness.
Type I hypersensitivity: histamines replaced with leukotrienes.
Airflow obstruction: Bronchoconstriction, mucous production, inflammatory cell migration.

Risk factors may be associated with low SES

Triggers: meds, weather changes, irritants, allergens, exercise.

25
Q 
# cause of death
COPD and flu/pneumonia
A

3 and 8

26
Q

COPD

A 
Emphysema and or chronic bronchitis 
Inflammation of alveoli and bronchi
Progressive, irreversible. 
Unlike asthma, never goes away or gets better.
80-90% are former smokers.

Pathogenesis: Increased mucous production, loss of elastic recoil and airway collapse, leads to right HF.

27
Q

Emphysema due to COPD

A

Irreversible enlargement of alveolar spaces- disrupts wall of alveoli.
Destruction of alveoli walls and loss of elastic recoil.
Body adapts by making chest bigger: Barrel Chest.

Causes: 
#1: Smoking. Activates neutrophils that release elastase to break down pathogen which breaks down alveoli.
#2: Congenital: Deficiency of alpha1 antitrypsin. Natural product of lung that counteracts elastase!
#3: IV drug use.
28
Q

Chronic Bronchitis due to COPD

A

Persistant, productive cough with excessive mucous production.

Causes: 
#1 is chronic smoking. 
#2 infection or pollution.

Effects:
Hyperplasia of bronchial mucous glands and smooth muscles. Destruction of cilia. Squamous cell metaplasia. Brochial wall thickening and development of fibrosis. (Fibrosis is less common in asthma)

29
Q

Lung cancer

A

80-90% due to smoking.
10-15% due to environmental carcinogens.
men= women
18% 5 year survival.
Most malignant is small cell carcinoma.
Most common symptom: Persistent, productive cough. Weight loss, SOB.
**Paraneoplastic syndrome. Systemic symptoms that arise due to cancer cells regaining ability to release hormones. Help with Dx.

30
Q

Pancoast syndrome due to lung cancer

A

Non-small cell carcinoma.
At pulmonary apex.

Signs:
Horners (sympathetic trunk)
shoulder pain (Brachial plexus) 
hoarse voice (Vocal cord paralysis) 
cough
31
Q

ocular manifestations of pneumonias

A

Pneumonias- roth’s spots, septic retinitis (lodged in choroid)

32
Q

ocular manifestations of asthma with steroid tx

A

Steroid cataract and glaucoma.

33
Q

ocular manifestations of emphysema

A

Steroid cataract and glaucoma

Papilledema due to coughing. (causes increased ICP)

34
Q

ocular manifestations of cystic fibrosis

A

Macular holes, papilledema, Optic neuritis,

35
Q

ocular manifestations of bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Metastasis to eye

Med Path Fall 2020 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions