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Med Path Fall 2020 > Derm > Flashcards

Derm Flashcards

1
Q

3 major epidermal cells

A

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and sebaceous glands.

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2
Q

Erythema

  • What is it?
  • Associated with which two things?
A

Reddening of the skin due to vasodilation.

Associated with dermatitis and psoriasis.

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3
Q

Vitiligo is associated with

A

Pernicious anemia, hyperthyroidism, DM

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4
Q

Papsulosquamous disorders

A

Seborrhic Dermatits- Occurs in sebaceous glands. Scaling, itching, flaking, red patches. Due to yeast infection or excess sebum?

Psoriasis- Multi organ inflammatory autoimmune. Dry, elevated, rounded plaques.

Knees, elbows, eyelids. Triggered episodes by stress

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5
Q

__% of men over 60 have BPH

Can lead to ___

A

80% MOST COMMON BENIGN TUMOR

Can lead to kidney damage due to bladder infection or bladder distention, affecting kidney.

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6
Q

BPH symptoms

A

No pain, only urinary issues.

Tx: meds or surgery.

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7
Q

3 types of prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate- Acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic prostatitis (could be autoimmune)

More common in younger men, painful. No urinary issues!

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8
Q

Difference between BPH and prostatitis and prostate cancer

A

BPH- No pain. Only urinary issues. Older, over 60. Tx with meds or surgery.

Prostatitis- Painful, no urinary issues. Younger. (Chronic prostatitis)

Prostate cancer is similar to BPH. no pain, urinary issues. AA over 50 years. More symptoms at later stages. Dx DRE and serum PSA

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9
Q

Prostate cancer is the most common __Cancer in men.

___% is adenocarcinomas

A

Most common non cutaneous cancer in men.
95% adenocarcinomas.
Asymptomatic, similar to BPH until advanced stages. No pain, compressed urethra.
50+, AA more common.

How to dx: DPE or check serum PSA levels. normal is less than 4ng/mL. But PSA could be elevated due to other reasons.

93% survival rate.

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10
Q

Testicular cancer rule of 90

A

90% survival rate at 5 years.
key- self exam.

90% germ cell tumors, occur between 25-45, malignant, curable.

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11
Q

Menstrual cycle phases

A

Menstrual phase: 1-4
Follicular phase: 5-14
Luteal phase: Day 14-28

Ant pituitary gland releases FSH which causes the ovum to mature and release estrogen. This prepares the endometrium for the egg.

then LH is released, which triggers ovulation at day 14 and conversion of the follicle to corpus lutem. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen. If no fertilization, hormone levels decline.

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12
Q

Types of dysfunctional bleeding

A

Oligomenorrhea (too light)
Menorrhagia (too heavy)
Amenorrhea (NO flow)
Dysmenorrhea (painful/difficult)

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13
Q

what hormone begins the menstruation cycle

A

FSH

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14
Q

Endometriousis risk factors

A

Nulliparous- women who have not given birth
30-40 years

Peridic hemorrhage of the ectopic tissue. Causes peritoneal irritation and adhesion (inappropriate wound healing)

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15
Q

Firboids

  • where do they occur
  • what are they
A

muscular wall of uterus

benign, smooth muscle tumors.

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16
Q

Ovarian cyst

  • Size
  • symptoms
A

Cyst within the ovarian follicle. 95% benign

Usually are asymptomatic and resolve. Otherwise, may cause pain or menstrual irregularity.

17
Q

PCOS

  • Risk factors
  • Signs and symptoms
  • PCOS increases the risk of
  • Ocular manifestations
A

Obesity, and young age.
signs- excessive hair growth, androgen excess, infertility, obesity.

Increases risk of 2DM, hyperlipidemia, CVD, HTN.

ocular- dry eye and IIH

18
Q

What 4 hormones change during pregnancy

A

Estrogen and progesterone.

Thyroxine increases to keep up with metabolism

ACTH

19
Q

Systematic changes during pregnancy

A

Gallstone, coagulopathies, transient hypotension from vasodilation, immunosuppression, decreased GI motility. Peripheral edema

20
Q

Breast feeding decreases risk in child and mom

A

Child: Asthma, childhood leukemia, SIDS.Better VEP acuity at 4 months, stereo and matching at 36. Happens earlier!
Mom: HTN, CVD, T2DM

21
Q

Ocular changes during pregnancy

A

Decrease: K sensitivity, IOP, tear production.
Increase: K curvature

22
Q

Placental abruption

  • cause
  • effects
A

premature separation of the placenta.
Idiopathic
Could result in mom or baby death

23
Q

Placental previa

A

Growth of placenta over the cervical opening. Could be total or partial.

Increases risk of bleeding during labor.
Usually deliver by sea section.

24
Q

Molar pregnancy/Hydatidiform mole

A

Defect in fertilization that causes an abnormal placenta.

Partial- some baby development
Complete- no baby development.

25
Q

Pre eclampsia

  • signs
  • risk factors
  • ocular
A

Pregnancy induced HTN. 140/90
Sudden weight gain, PROTEINURIA, OLIGURIA.
First pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity, Hx of HTN.

Ocular: Blur due to edema in retina. Retinopathy.

If this progresses to eclampsia, then you could get seizures or loss of consciousness. Could cause placental abruption or CLOTTING.

26
Q

Menopause tx

A

Hormone replacement therapy. Decreases risk of osteoporosis and colorectal cancer.

increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, and MI.

27
Q

How many women have fibrocystic breast changes

A

50%

28
Q

__% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer
__% of breast cancers have no family history
breast cancer is 2nd leading cause of women death related to cancer in which populations. # 1 in ___

Black women have a ___% higher breast cancer death rate. Why?

A

13
85
white and black
hispanic

They have a 40% higher each rate. Most are diagnosed later stages. Due to structural barriers, physican barriers.

29
Q

Main 2 breast cancer risk factors

A

Women
Increases risk as you get older

Genetics- BRCA1 and BRCA2! (assoc with 5-10% of breast cancer cases. Individuals with these mutations have a 50-80% lifetime chance of cancer)
Race
Breast tissue density
Early menstrual history

30
Q

Main breast cancer sign, dx, and type, and tx

A

Peristent lump and thickening
dx mammogram. Should go annually over 40
70-80% are invasive ductal
tx: surgery and drug therapy

31
Q

Breast cancers cause __% of ocular cancer metastases

A

70%
8% come from lung cancers

90% go to the uvea

32
Q

cervical cancer causes and risk factos

A

cause- HPV 16 and 18
Risk- Many pregnancies 4x
Smoking 3x
Oral contraceptive use 4x

33
Q

Ovarian cancer screening and dx
symptoms
risk factors

A

No screening, use CA-125 for dx
Asymptomatic until late.
Family history is main risk factor!!!!!! or personal history of cancer.

34
Q

Contraceptives.
estrogens suppress production of ___, which prevents ___

Progestogens suppress production of ___, which prevents ____

A

Estrogens suppress FSH, which prevents ovulation.

Progestogens suppress LH, which prevents ovulation, thins the endometrium and thickens mucous.

35
Q

Oral contraceptives
reduce risk of?
Increase risk of?
Contraindications

A

Reduce risk of- endometrial and ovarian cancer.
Increase risk of: Thromboembolism, MI 3x
Contra in smokers, liver disorder, breast cancer

Med Path Fall 2020 (20 decks)

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