Respiratory disease and investigations Flashcards
What types of respiratory disorders are there?
-diseases affecting the airways
-diseases affecting the parenchyma
-diseases affecting vasculature
-diseases affecting the chest wall
What are the three main respiratory disease groups?
-congenital diseases
-infection
-disorders
What are some respiratory congenital abnormalities?
-congenital cysts
-lobar sequestrations (lung develops not connected to the tubing)
-vascular abnormalities
-agenesis (lungs fail to develop)
-abnormalities of trachea or bronchi
Give some examples of respiratory infections
-pneumonia
-SARS, MERS. COVID-19
-TB
-bronchitis
Describe the origin of community aquired pneumonie-CAP
-streptococcus pneumoniae
-mycoplasmsa pneumoniae
-haemophilus influenzae
Describe the origin of hospital aquired pneumonie-HAP
-klebsiella
-psuedomonas
-E.coli
Describe the main symptoms of Novel coronaviruses
fever,chills,myalgia,malaise, cough ,deterioration in respiratory function
Name three types of COPD
-eemphysema
-chronic bronchitic
-chronic asthma
What is bronchiectasis?
permanenet dilation of airways associated with chronic infection
Describe interstitial lung diseases
diseases of the lung parenchyma- the space between alveolar epithelium and capillary endotthelium
What are the two main groups of interstital lung diseases?
-granulomatous
-fibrotic
Name some interstital lung diseases
-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
-sarcoidosis
-occupation lung diseases such as asbestosis
What are some diseases of pulmonary vasculature?
-pulmoary oedema
-pulmonary emboli
-pulmonary haemorrhage
-pulmonary hypertension
What are some diseases that affect the chest wall?
-ankylosing spondylitis
-congenital deformities
-flail chest
-scoliosis
-kyphosis
-kyphoscoliosis
What is a pleural effusion?
fluid between parietal and visceral pleura
What is empyema?
Pus between pleura
What is a haemothroax?
blood within pleural cavity
What is a pneumothorax?
air within the pleural cavity
spontaneous:
primary-common in young men
secondary-occcurs due to underlying lung disease
What causes a traumatic pneumothorax?
-positive pressure ventialtion
-stab wound
-rib fracture
Name some neuromuscular disorders that affect the chest wall
-muscular dystrophy
-diaphragmatic paralysis
-Guillain-Barre syndrome
-myasthenia gravis
-motor neurone disease
What are some respiratory function tests?
-Spirometry
-transfer factor
-body plethsmography
-reversibility test
-inhaler technique
-oscillometry
-six min walk test
-cardiopulmoary excersise testing
-hypoxic challenge
-oxygen assesment
-arterial blood gas sampling and analysis
-earlobe capillary blood sampling and analysis
What does spirometry tests measure?
-mechanical properties of the lungs
-effort dependent
-measures flow and volume(dynamic lung volumes)
What does a transfer factor measure?
-the ability of gases to move from the alveoli into the blood
-test measures the uptake of CO as it has similar properties to O2
Describe static lung volume tests
-body plethymography
-gas dilution techniques
-helium dilution
-nitrogen washout
describe fractional expired nitric oxide
-inspired levels of nitric oxide in expired gas
-helps diagnosis of asthma
-sequential measurement helps manage therapy and compliance with therapy
Describe the bronchial challenge testing
-used to assess bronchial hyperresponsiveness
challenge with pharmacoligical agents-methacholine,histamine
describe the cardiopulmonary excersise test
-used to asses patients:
-Pre-op
-to quantify functional status
-identify degree of disability
-distinguish between cardiac or respiratory impairment
What does MIP stand for?
maximum inspiration pressure
What does MEP stand for?
Maximum expiratory pressure
What does SNIP stand for?
Sniff inspiratory pressure
Name some sleep and testing treatments
-overnight oximetry
-multichannel sleep analysis
-polysomnography
-multiple sleep latency test
-sleep diary
-actigraphy
-non invasive ventilation
-continuous positive
airway pressure
-Bilevel positive
airway pressure
Give an overview of what COPD is
-A group of lung diseases causing breathing problems
-emphysema- damage to air sacs in the lungs
chronic bronchitis-long term damage to the airway
-The damage to the lungs caused by COPD is permanent, but treatment can help slow down the progression of the condition
Describe idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
In people with IPF, the alveoli become damaged and increasingly scarred.
This causes the lungs to become stiff and makes it difficult for oxygen to get into the blood.
-no know cause
-mainly effects older people
-no cure but treatment can manage it
Describe tuberculosis
-Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Drug-resistance increasing (MDR-TB and XDR-TB)
-Transmission from airborne droplets or direct contact
-Initially affects middle or upper lobes of the lung:
-Secondary TB – reactivation of a primary infection or reinfection
Describe asthma
-common lung condition causing breathing difficulties
-caused by an inflammation of the airway, causing the airways to constrict
-asthma unlike COPD is reversible and controllable with treatments
Describe mesothelioma
Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops in the lining that covers the outer surface of some of the body’s organs.
-lung cancer linked to asbestos fibres in the lungs.
-typically develops 20 years after exposure
-treatment is focused on prolonging life and controlling symptoms as there is no cure.
