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Respiratory and Sleep Science > Respiratory disease and investigations > Flashcards

Respiratory disease and investigations Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of respiratory disorders are there?

A

-diseases affecting the airways
-diseases affecting the parenchyma
-diseases affecting vasculature
-diseases affecting the chest wall

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2
Q

What are the three main respiratory disease groups?

A

-congenital diseases
-infection
-disorders

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3
Q

What are some respiratory congenital abnormalities?

A

-congenital cysts
-lobar sequestrations (lung develops not connected to the tubing)
-vascular abnormalities
-agenesis (lungs fail to develop)
-abnormalities of trachea or bronchi

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4
Q

Give some examples of respiratory infections

A

-pneumonia
-SARS, MERS. COVID-19
-TB
-bronchitis

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5
Q

Describe the origin of community aquired pneumonie-CAP

A

-streptococcus pneumoniae
-mycoplasmsa pneumoniae
-haemophilus influenzae

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6
Q

Describe the origin of hospital aquired pneumonie-HAP

A

-klebsiella
-psuedomonas
-E.coli

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7
Q

Describe the main symptoms of Novel coronaviruses

A

fever,chills,myalgia,malaise, cough ,deterioration in respiratory function

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8
Q

Name three types of COPD

A

-eemphysema
-chronic bronchitic
-chronic asthma

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9
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

permanenet dilation of airways associated with chronic infection

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10
Q

Describe interstitial lung diseases

A

diseases of the lung parenchyma- the space between alveolar epithelium and capillary endotthelium

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11
Q

What are the two main groups of interstital lung diseases?

A

-granulomatous
-fibrotic

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12
Q

Name some interstital lung diseases

A

-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
-sarcoidosis
-occupation lung diseases such as asbestosis

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13
Q

What are some diseases of pulmonary vasculature?

A

-pulmoary oedema
-pulmonary emboli
-pulmonary haemorrhage
-pulmonary hypertension

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14
Q

What are some diseases that affect the chest wall?

A

-ankylosing spondylitis
-congenital deformities
-flail chest
-scoliosis
-kyphosis
-kyphoscoliosis

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15
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

fluid between parietal and visceral pleura

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16
Q

What is empyema?

A

Pus between pleura

17
Q

What is a haemothroax?

A

blood within pleural cavity

18
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

air within the pleural cavity
spontaneous:
primary-common in young men
secondary-occcurs due to underlying lung disease

19
Q

What causes a traumatic pneumothorax?

A

-positive pressure ventialtion
-stab wound
-rib fracture

20
Q

Name some neuromuscular disorders that affect the chest wall

A

-muscular dystrophy
-diaphragmatic paralysis
-Guillain-Barre syndrome
-myasthenia gravis
-motor neurone disease

21
Q

What are some respiratory function tests?

A

-Spirometry
-transfer factor
-body plethsmography
-reversibility test
-inhaler technique
-oscillometry
-six min walk test
-cardiopulmoary excersise testing
-hypoxic challenge
-oxygen assesment
-arterial blood gas sampling and analysis
-earlobe capillary blood sampling and analysis

22
Q

What does spirometry tests measure?

A

-mechanical properties of the lungs
-effort dependent
-measures flow and volume(dynamic lung volumes)

23
Q

What does a transfer factor measure?

A

-the ability of gases to move from the alveoli into the blood
-test measures the uptake of CO as it has similar properties to O2

24
Q

Describe static lung volume tests

A

-body plethymography
-gas dilution techniques
-helium dilution
-nitrogen washout

25
Q

describe fractional expired nitric oxide

A

-inspired levels of nitric oxide in expired gas
-helps diagnosis of asthma
-sequential measurement helps manage therapy and compliance with therapy

26
Q

Describe the bronchial challenge testing

A

-used to assess bronchial hyperresponsiveness
challenge with pharmacoligical agents-methacholine,histamine

27
Q

describe the cardiopulmonary excersise test

A

-used to asses patients:
-Pre-op
-to quantify functional status
-identify degree of disability
-distinguish between cardiac or respiratory impairment

28
Q

What does MIP stand for?

A

maximum inspiration pressure

29
Q

What does MEP stand for?

A

Maximum expiratory pressure

30
Q

What does SNIP stand for?

A

Sniff inspiratory pressure

31
Q

Name some sleep and testing treatments

A

-overnight oximetry
-multichannel sleep analysis
-polysomnography
-multiple sleep latency test
-sleep diary
-actigraphy
-non invasive ventilation
-continuous positive
airway pressure
-Bilevel positive
airway pressure

32
Q

Give an overview of what COPD is

A

-A group of lung diseases causing breathing problems
-emphysema- damage to air sacs in the lungs
chronic bronchitis-long term damage to the airway

-The damage to the lungs caused by COPD is permanent, but treatment can help slow down the progression of the condition

33
Q

Describe idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

In people with IPF, the alveoli become damaged and increasingly scarred.
This causes the lungs to become stiff and makes it difficult for oxygen to get into the blood.
-no know cause
-mainly effects older people
-no cure but treatment can manage it

34
Q

Describe tuberculosis

A

-Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Drug-resistance increasing (MDR-TB and XDR-TB)​
-Transmission from airborne droplets or direct contact​
-Initially affects middle or upper lobes of the lung:​
-Secondary TB – reactivation of a primary infection or reinfection​

35
Q

Describe asthma

A

-common lung condition causing breathing difficulties
-caused by an inflammation of the airway, causing the airways to constrict
-asthma unlike COPD is reversible and controllable with treatments

36
Q

Describe mesothelioma

A

Mesothelioma is a type of cancer that develops in the lining that covers the outer surface of some of the body’s organs.
-lung cancer linked to asbestos fibres in the lungs.
-typically develops 20 years after exposure
-treatment is focused on prolonging life and controlling symptoms as there is no cure.

Respiratory and Sleep Science (20 decks)

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