Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Question 1

Chemotactic factors involved in the secondary defence?

Answer 1

-macrophages
-neutrophils
-lung epithelial cells

Question 2

primary defence of the lungs

Answer 2

-cough
-mucocilary clearance
-intact epithelium

Question 3

outline pulmonary circulation in detail

Answer 3

1 deoxygenated blood enters RA and then RV
2- Blood pumped via R and L PA to the R and L lungs
3-passes through dense capillary network where gas exchange occurs
4-oxygenated blood drains into the R and L PV
5-returns to the LA then LV
6-pumped around systemic circulation back to RA

Question 4

Brief description of pulmonary circulation

Answer 4

• Blood is oxygenated as it travels through the lung before entering the systemic circulation
  -alveoli relieve nutrition directly from circulation

Question 4

Describe bronchial circulation

Answer 4

-supplies conducting airways with oxygenated blood
-bronchial vessels arise from systemic circulation
-provides nutrition for lung tissue

Question 5

what do type one simple squamous epithelium cells do?

Answer 5

involved in gas exchange

Question 6

What do type 2 simple squamous epithelium cells do?

Answer 6

-produce surfactant which reduces surface tensions
-prevents lung collapse

Question 7

list the parts of the respiratory system

Answer 7

-Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue
-cartilage
-submucosal glands
-goblet cells
-columnar epithelial (ciliated)

Question 8

what is the function of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 8

-patrol alveoli
-engulf foreign bodies
-maintain sterile environment in the lungs

Question 9

What does the acinus include?

Answer 9

-terminal bronchiole
-all respiratory bronchioles
-alveolar ducts
alveoli

Question 9

name the functional unit of the lungs

Answer 9

the acinus

Question 10

list the cells in the airways

Answer 10

-ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
-goblet cells
-mucus glands
-simple cubodial epithelium
-alveolar macrophages
-simple squamous epithelium

Question 11

how are lobules seperated from each other?

Answer 11

interlobular septum made of connective tissue

Question 12

what are lung segments sub divided into?

Answer 12

lobules each with own bronchiole

Question 13

how many segments does each lung have?

Answer 13

R -10
L-8/9

Question 14

How are the lungs protected and supported?

Answer 14

support-diaphragm
protection-ribs
each lung is surrounded by a double layer if pleural membrane
visceral-around lungs
parietal-around inside of ribs

Question 15

what is the structure of the right lung?

Answer 15

-shorter
-3 lobes (upper, middle, lower)
-oblique- horizontal fissure

Question 16

what is the structure of the left lung?

Answer 16

-longer
-hollowed out area for heart
-divide into 2 lobes (upper and lower)
-oblique tissue
-10 percent smaller

Question 17

why is the structure of the respiratory bronchioles important in allowing their function to diffuse gas?

Answer 17

-thinner walls less supporting cartilage
-alveoli-thin
-slower flow

Question 18

what’s the purpose down to terminal bronchioles?

Answer 18

-conduction of air
-faster flow
-walls resist collapse

Question 18

what is the function of c shaped bands of cartilage?

Answer 18

prevents the trachea from collapsing

Question 19

define dichotomous branching

Answer 19

divides into 2

Question 20

what is the function of the larynx?

Answer 20

-phonation- when air is pushed from the lungs through the glottis, which is the opening between the vocal folds located in the larynx.
-protects the lungs
allows air into lungs

Question 21

list of the structures in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 21

-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs

Question 22

function of upper airways

Answer 22

-conducts air
-primary defences
-warm and humidify inspired air
-prevent choking

Question 23

function of the epiglottis

Answer 23

-flexible flap protecting the glottis
-prevents food entering the lungs
-during swallowing, larynx moves upwards and pushes the epiglottis causing it to fold over.

Question 24

list the structures in the upper airways

Answer 24

-mouth
-nose
pharynx
nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

Question 25

what structures are gas exchangers?

Answer 25

-alveoli
-pulmonary cappilaries

Question 26

name the structures that are part of the ventilatory pump

Answer 26

-chest wall muscles
-chest wall skeleton (ribs, sternum, spine)
-airways
-pleura
-spinal cord and peripheral nerves)