Respiratory disease Flashcards
What diagnosis is strongly correlated with paradoxical breathing?
Pleural space disease
What breed is associated with congenital laryngeal malformation?
Norwich Terrier
Which breeds are associated with feline asthma?
Siamese
Havana
Ddx cough
Airway narrowing during expiration
Pleural space disease (D>C)
Cardiomegaly
Intrinsic airway narrowing secondary to dynamic small airway disease
Bronchitis
Asthma
Tracheal collapse
Restrictive lung disease
What are the possible causes of a restrictive breathing pattern?
Bronchopneumonia
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pleural space disease
What are the CT findings consistent with IPF?
Ground glass opacities, parenchymal bands, honeycombing, peribronchial vascular interstitial thickening, traction bronchiectasis with predominantly sub pleural distribution
How is lung scintigraphy performed depending on the region of interest?
IV radionucleatides - perfusion
Inhaled radionucleotides - ventilation
Simultaneous - ventilation/perfusion ratio
What is the most sensitive and specific test for documenting PTE?
Scintigrophy
Ddx hypoxaemia
Low partial pressure inspired oxygen, alveolar hypoventilation, ventilation-perfusion inequality, R => L shunt, diffusion impairment
What PaO2 is consistent with hypoxaemia?
<80mmHg
What upper airway abnormality has been described to develop secondary to IPF in WHWT?
Tracheal collapse
What other imaging findings are commonly associated with cranial lung lobe herniation?
Collapse of intrathoracic trachea and major bronchi
Redundant dorsal tracheal membrane
What tracheal tumours are found in a) young dogs and b)older dogs and cats?
a) Osteochondroma
b) MCT, SCC, adenocarcinoma, OSA, extra medullary plasmacytoma, leiomyoma, fibrosarcoma
What are the causes of parasitic tracheal granuloma in a) dogs and b) cats
a) Oslerus osleri, FIlaroides
b) Cuterebra
What are the limitations of culture and PCR for diagnosing bordetellosis in dogs?
Bb has been regularly isolated from healthy dogs by culture and PCR of upper airways and lungs
Positive could be incidental, indicate carrier state or infection
What is the characteristic cytological finding in bordatella infection?
Pleomorphic cocci or coccobacilli adhering to cilia of epithelial cells
What is the treatment of choice for bordetella infection? What about in unresponsive cases?
Doxycycline
Nebulised gentamicin
How is chronic bronchitis defined?
Chronic airway inflammation without any identifiable primary cause
What are the diagnostic criteria of chronic bronchitis?
Chronic cough
Evidence of excessive mucus
Exclusion of other chronic cardiopulmonary disease
Which breeds are predominantly associated with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
Huskies and Malamutes
What abnormalities can be seen in association with primary ciliary dyskinesia?
Otitis media, infertility in females, asthetoteratospermia in males, hydrocephalus, renal fibrosis or dilation of renal tubules
Situs inversus
What is bronchiectasis?
Abnormal and permanent dilation and distortion of sub segmental airways, resulting from chronic inflammation damaging the elastic components of the bronchi. Leads to bronchial wall destruction and impaired clearance of secretions
What causes bronchiectasis?
Usually secondary to acquired disease - aspiration, inhalation injury, chronic infections, bronchopneumonia, eosinophilic bronchpneumopathy, chronic bronchitis, possibly allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Cats - chronic bronchial inflammation
What age and breeds are predisposed to bronchiectasis?
American Cocker Spaniel, Poodles, Siberian Husky and English Springer Spaniels
≥7yo
What are the CT findings of bronchiectasis?
Abnormal bronchial dilation, with lack of tapering and identification of distinct airways within 1cm of pleural surface.
Secondary features - bronchial wall thickening, mucus plugging and peripheral air trapping
What is bronchomalacia?
Weakness of walls of principal/small bronchi, leading to collapse
What types of bronchomalacia are described? What are they associated with?
Static - brachycephalics
Dynamic - tracheal collapse (tracheobronchomalacia)
What is the difference between feline asthma and chronic bronchitis?
CB - secondary to previous insult causing permanent airway damage
Asthma - allergic
What infections can be associated with feline bronchial disease?
Mycoplasma
Aerulostorngylus and Trogostorngylus
What has potential as a biomarker of feline asthma?
BALF endothelin-1
What is the most common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in cats?
Asthma
How does respiratory distress caused by parenchymal disease most often present?
With increase in both inspiratory and expiratory effort
What is the function of BNP?
Promotes natriuresis, increases GFR, causes vasodilation, antagonises RAAS in animals with increased extracellular fluid volume
What causes BNP to increase?
Volume overload, PHT, cardiac dysfunction