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Anatomy Unit 2 > Respiratory Development > Flashcards

Respiratory Development Flashcards

1
Q

endodermal part of lung

A

endoderm of respiratory diverticulum gives rise to the mucosal lining of bronchi and epithelial cells of alveoli (so, the wet stuff)

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2
Q

mesodermal part of the lung

A

picked up as the lungs travel through mediastinum into pleural space…. everything else… mesoderm-muscle, cartilage supporting bronchi, visceral pluera covering lung)

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3
Q

failure of tracheoesohageal folds to fuse

A

tracheosophageal septum isnt formed, tracheoesopogeal fistula (TEF), communication between foregut and esophagus. VACTERL assocation

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4
Q

VACTERL

A

vertebral anomalies, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tef, ea, renal anomalies, limb anomalies

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5
Q

dorsal and ventral portions of the foregut

A

ventral=trachea and lung buds, dorsal= esophagus

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6
Q

respiratory primordium maintains communication with pharynx through

A

laryngeal orifice

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7
Q

type c tef

A

polyhydroaminos, blind esophagus, respiratory distress, choking, secretions, tube doesn’t make it to the stomach, air in stomach. septum doesn’t form. foregut and trachea not completely separated. radiographic, endoscopic. air to stomach. sonogram

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8
Q

type h tef

A

least symptomatic, no esophageal atresia, ng tube makes it to the stomach, chronic lung infections. aspiration pnuemonia

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9
Q

precursor to the epithelial lining of larynx and the cartliages

A

epithelial–endoderm of respiratory diverticulum

cartliages–4th and 6th pharyngeal arches

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10
Q

development of the canal in larynx

A

mesenchyme proliferates to make arytenoid swellings which make lumen into slit. laryngeal epithelial cells (endoderm) proliferate rapidly to close slit. recanalization occurs at week 10.

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11
Q

what occurs during the recanalization process of the larynx

A

production of the laryngeal ventricles, and their folds create vocal folds and vestibular folds.

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12
Q

clincal correlation of failure of recanalization of larynx

A

laryngeal atresia. CHAOS. distal to atresia or stenosis, airways are dilated, lungs enlarges and filled with fluid, diaphram is flattened or inverted, and fetal ascites/hydrops…edema.
incomplete atresia, incomplete recanalizaton. membranous web forms at vocal cords, partially blocking air.

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13
Q

epiglottis formed by

A

hypopharyngeal eminence, proliferation of mesenchyme

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14
Q

innervation of larynx

A

vagus, recurrent laryngeal branch. (myoblasts from 4th and 6th arches)

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15
Q

endodermal lining of laryngotracheal tube

A

epithelium and glands of the trachea and pulmonary epithelium

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16
Q

splanchnic mesenchyme surrrounding laryngotracheal tube

A

mesoderm. cartilage, connective tissue, and muscles

17
Q

what is the difference between the right and left main stem bronchus

A

embryonic right main bronchus is larger, more vertical

18
Q

development of bronchial tree

A

trachea–>r/l bronchial buds (two lungs and r/l primary bronchi)–>3 r secondary branches, 2 l secondary branches (lobes)–>10 tertiary bronchi, both sides (bronchiopulmonary segments of mature lung)–>terminal bronchioles–>respiratory bronchioles (highly vascularlized mesodermal tissue)–>craniocaudal branching of “stubby branches–>terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) surround terminal stubby branches–>mature alveoli

19
Q

differentiation of primitive alveoli to mature alveoli

A

continued thinning of sqaumous epithelial lining of the terminal sacs

20
Q

5 stages of lung development

A

EPCSA

Embryonic, psuedoglandular, canalicular, saccular (terminal sac), alveolar

21
Q

embyronic stage

A

respiratory diverticulum
three rounds of branching (two lungs, lobes, and bronchiopulmonary segments
trachea and larynx
26-6 weeks

22
Q

psuedoglandular

A 
terminal bronchioles (14 branches)
at 16 weeks, all major elements of lung except gas exchange
think:pseudo is false... you think you can breath because you have all the structures, but you cant
23
Q

canalicular

A

terminal bronchiole to respiratory bronchioles (now respiration is possible)
respiratory vasculature (canal of blood)
epithelium differentiates
at end, respiration possible, terminal sacs have developed (primordial alveoli)
blood-air barrier
26 weeks

24
Q

limit of viability of premature infants

A

22-23 weeks. respiration only possible after blood air barrier. end of this period (canalicular) could survie, but ICU

25
Q

saccular

A

terminal sacs are formed completely
division of respiratory bronchioles to produce terminal sacs
capillaries bulge (alveoli)
establishment of blood-air barrier
type II pnuemoncytes secrete pulmonary surfacant (phospholipids and proteins)
saccules-primordial alveoli

26
Q

purpose of surfactant during saccular stage

A

counteracts the surface tension at air-alveolar interface, facilitating the expansion of saccules, and preventing atelectasis

27
Q

alveolar

A

maturation of gas exchange structures and alveoli

28
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A

inadequate production of surfactant
AKA hyaline membrane disease, glassy or hyaline membrane
provide steroids if afraid premature
only premature babies.
ground glass, peripherally extending air bronchograms.

29
Q

total surface area for gas exchanged depends on

A

number of alveoli and density of alveolar capillaries, need thin walls.

30
Q

which type of alveolar cells secrete surfactant

A

type II

31
Q

pulmonary surfactant composition

A

90% phospholipid
10% protein
AD–hydrophilic, host defence
BC–hydrophobic, surface-active properties of surfactant

32
Q

hereditary surfactant protein b deficiency

A

respiratory failure. autosomal recessive. complete absence or mutation of the genes. respiratory distress syndrom.

33
Q

pulmonary hypoplasia causes

A

oligiohydrominos (insufficient amniotic fluid) (bilateral renal agenesis)
CDH

34
Q

bilateral renal agensis results in

A

potter’s sequence. and oligiohydrominos. deformed limbs, wrinkly, dry dink. abnormal facial appearnce.

35
Q

CDH

A

failure of pleuroperitoneal canal to close during 6th week of development.

eft side 4-8 times more, left pericardioperitoneal canal larger, closes later. posterolateral bochdalek hernia. lung hypoplasia.
failure of diaphragm to completely form. push lungs and heart anteriorly. prolonged is lung underdevelopment.
medial do not really result in lung hypoplasia

36
Q

presentation of newborn with CDH

A

respiratory distress, cyanosis, decreased bronchial breath, scaphoid abdomen. smaller lung on hernia side
bowel gas in ches and shift of mediastinal structures

37
Q

proximal diverticulum

A

larynx and trachea

Anatomy Unit 2 (6 decks)

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