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Anatomy Unit 2 > Embryological Heart and Clinical Correlates > Flashcards

Embryological Heart and Clinical Correlates Flashcards

1
Q

Precursor of Aorticopulmonary Septum

A

truncal and bulbar ridges of neural crest cells through pharyngeal arches (ectoderm)

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2
Q

Function of aorticopulmonary septum

A

partition of bulbis cords and trunks arteriosis via spiral growth

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3
Q

Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to develop correctly

A

one outflow path from fused ventricles, or transportation of great arteries (straight line development)

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4
Q

Transportation of Great Arteries

A

right ventricle to aorta with deoxygenated blood; left ventricle to pulmonary trunk with oxygenated blood. defect in aorticopulmonary septum

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5
Q

Transportation of Great Arteries incompatible with life unless:

A

patent ductus arteriosus or foramen ovale or a VSD exists so that oxygenated blood in pulmonary trunk (if ductus arterosus present) can go to aorta and systemic system. foramen ovale or VSD would allow mixture of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood in atrium or ventricles, respectively, to provide some oxygenated blood to systemic system.

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6
Q

most common VSD

A

membranous VSD

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7
Q

Cause of membranous VSD

A

failure of bulbous ridges to fuse with endocardial cushions and close the intraventricular foramen.

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8
Q

Clinical results of membranous VSD

A

initially a left to right shunt, causing pulmonary hypertension leading to pulmonary stenosis which reverses shunt and leaders to cyanosis to CHF and Eisenmenger’s Syndrom

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9
Q

Failure of correct migration of neural crest cells from neural tube (ectoderm)

A

Tetralogy of Fallout, smaller pulmonary trunk (think secondary formed, so smaller) and overriding aorta, Transposition of Great Vessels

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10
Q

4 Effects of Tetralogy of Fallout

A

1) overriding aorta
2) pulmonary stenosis which results in
3) right ventricle hypertrophy
4) VSD due to superior malalignment of sub pulmonary infundibulum

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11
Q

Parts of the Primitive Heart

A

blood flows from sinus venous (sinus vernarum and coronary sinus) to primitive atrium (auricles of right and left atria) to primitive ventricle (left ventricle) to bulbis cordis (right ventricle) to conus cordis (conus arteriousus and aortic vestibule) to truncus arteriosus (ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk) to aortic arch

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12
Q

Conus cordis

A

upper bulbis cords that splits into conus arteriousus (for right ventricle to pulmonary trunk) and aortic vestibule (for left ventricle to aorta)

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13
Q

ASDs

A

sinus venosis, probe patencey foramen ovale/ AV canal, foramen secundum, common atrium

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14
Q

Probe Patency of foramen ovale/AV Canal

A

not clinically relevent– failure to fuse septum premium and second, maintaining foramen ovalis,

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15
Q

Foramen secundum ASD

A

excessive reabsorption, most common, clinically significant

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16
Q

Common Atrium

A

complete failure for foramen secondum or primum to develop

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17
Q

Ectopia Cordis

A

faulty development of stream and pericardium due to incomplete fusion of lateral folds, cardiac failure, hypoxema. incompatible with life

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18
Q

Right Sinus venosus splits into

A

sinus venarum (smooth part of right atrial wall… incorporated in primitive atrium) and coronary sinus

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19
Q

Sinus venarum

A

pushes pectinate muscles into right half ventral part of primitive atrium, resulting in right auricle and becomes incorporated in wall of atrium.

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20
Q

Original right side of primitive atrium

A

right auricle

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21
Q

Left atrial wall (grows out, grows in)

A

incorporation of primitive pulmonary veins (split of the original pulmonary vein) gives it a smooth appearance

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22
Q

left auricle

A

pectinate muscles displaced by the incorporation of primitive pulmonary veins into left atrial wall.

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23
Q

Pressure switches in primitive atrium and septum closure

A

Initially, right atrium high pressure keeping flimsy septum primum away from rigid septum secundum due to umbilical vein supply being larger than the pulmonary supply (not needed for fetal lungs). first breath, lungs need oxygenated blood, pressure switch (left more than right) sealing the septum primum to septum secundum becoming the fossa ovalis

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24
Q

Bending of heart tube results in:

A

shifting of sinus venous into right and left horns to empty in to the right atrium via coronary sinus or septum vernarum (superior vena cava)

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25
Q

Only source of oxygenated blood into the sinus venosus

A

Umbilical veins from mother

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26
Q

3 ways blood enters sinus venosus

A 
common cardinal veins (anterior/cranial; posterior/caudal)
umbilical veins (oxygenated)
vitelline veins (deoxygenated)
all come into the heart caudally via sinus venosus
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27
Q

caudal and rostral anchor of the primitive heart

A

caudal-sinus venosus, central tendon of diaphragm

rostral–neck walls

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28
Q

endocardial cushions

A

divide AV canal into right and left atrioventricular openings

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29
Q

fusion of endocardial cushions

A

AV septum, preventing mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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30
Q

endocardial cushions participate in the formation of

A

membranous portion of IV septum, closure of foramen primum (helps complete both IV and AV septum)

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31
Q

muscular part of IV septum

A

muscular upgrowth from primitive ventricle

32
Q

membranous portion of IV septum

A

endocardial tissues/endocardial cushions and bulbar ridges (so bulbus is more caudal than truncus)

33
Q

Primary Intraembryonic Arteries

A

Paired dorsal aortae
Intersegmental arteries between somites
Aortic arch arteries

34
Q

Primary Embryonic Veins

A

cardinal system of veins, and this mixes with umbilical vein

35
Q

Placenta Bloodflow to Embryo

A

Umbilical vein

36
Q

Yolk Sac blood blow

A

Vitelline veins

37
Q

What is important about the vitelline vein?

A

first source of blood cells in the embryonic circulation

38
Q

what vessel brings embyronic blood back to the heart

A

cardinal veins

39
Q

Where/what happens to the dorsal aorta

A

Caudally fuse together to form descending aorta

40
Q

what occurs at the rostral end of the embryo in vessel development

A

truncus arteriousus is continuous cranially with aortic sac, which is produce the pharyngeal arch arteries. aortic arches connect aortic sac to the dorsal aortae

41
Q

what is the purpose of the caudal umbilical arteries during vessel development?

A

the develop in the connecting stalk to link the dorsal aortae to the capillaries in the chorionic villi

42
Q

role of the vitilline arteries in the vessel formation

A

connected to the dorsal aortae, make a capillary connection to the yolk sack, and become the digestive system arteries (celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric)

43
Q

what are the digestive system arteries from cranial to caudal

A

celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric

44
Q

connects to the dorsal aortae by aortic arches

A

aortic sac

45
Q

dorsal aortae to chorionic vessels

A

umbilical arteries

46
Q

6 pharyngeal arches suppled by arteries called

A

aortic arch

47
Q

aortic arches arise from _____, and this gives rise to

A

aortic arches arise from aortic sac, which gives rise to the brachiocephalic artery, and the right side of the aortic arch

48
Q

what happens to first and second aortic arches

A

regress

49
Q

what happens to third aortic arch

A

common carotid arteries, and proximal internal carotid

50
Q

what happens to fifth aortic arch

A

there is not a fifth aortic arch

51
Q

internal carotid is formed by

A

third aortic arch (proximal) and remainder of upper end of dorsal aorta (distal)

52
Q

external carotids

A

sprout from internal carotids

53
Q

lose dorsal aorta

A

between 3 and 4 arches on both sides, but also distal to the 7th intersegmental artery (forms the subclavian)

54
Q

what does the 7th intersegmental artery form

A

subclavian

55
Q

dorsal aorta persists on right side and left side to form

A

dorsal aorta persists on right side to form the medial portion of right subclavian (distal portion is 7th intersegmental arch), persists on left to from the descending thoracic aorta, which the left 7th intersegmental arch branches from to form the left subclavian artery

56
Q

4th aortic arch

A

left side is the aortic arch

right side is the proximal subclavian artery

57
Q

6th aortic arch

A

right side is the right pulmonary artery

left side is the left pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriousus

58
Q

proximal part of internal coratid artery

A

3rd aortic arch

59
Q

a portion of the aortic arch is dervived from

A

4th aortic arch

60
Q

position of recurrent laryngeal nerves in accordance to development

A

on right side, distal part 6th aortic arch regresses, so the RLN stays with subclavian
left side, distal part of 6th aortic arch remains as ductus arteriousus, so it is brought down with aorta

61
Q

rib notching

A

caused by postductal/distal coarctation of aorta which promotes development of extensive collateral circulation to get blood to descending aorta

62
Q

subcardinal veins

A

from posterior cardinal veins and drain mesoneophric kidneys, join at mid line to form a venous H

63
Q

4 components of diaphragm

A

pleuroperitoneal membranes, central tendon of diaphragm (septum transversum), myoblasts from lateral body walls (skeletal muscle), and dorsal mesentary of diaphragm (crura)

64
Q

precursor to gonadal veins

A

caudal subcardinal after the formation of the RCI/LCI

65
Q

hepatic segment

A

right subcardinal joint the vitelline duct

66
Q

renal segment of IVC

A

distal subcardinal, before hepatic segment

67
Q

left renal vein

A

anastomosis of the subcardinal veins

68
Q

RCI/LCI

A

right sacrocardinal for RCI

anastomosis of sacrocardinal for LCI

69
Q

precursor to left bracheocephalic vein

A

anterior cardinal veins

70
Q

function of the left bracheocephalic in embryo

A

shunt blood from left to right anterior cardinal vein

71
Q

what forms the superior vena cava

A

right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein

72
Q

precursors to azygous vein, hemiazygous vein, accessory hemiazygous vein

A

AZ-right supracardinal vein
HZ-caudal left supracardinal vein
AHZ- cranial left supracardinal vein

73
Q

portal vein

A

anastomosis of vitelline veins around the duodenum

74
Q

definitive umbilical vein

A

the dominate, left umbilical vein, returns all of the blood from the placenta

75
Q

ductus venosus

A

an anastomosis via hepatic sinusoids between umbilical vein and proximal right vitelline vein

Anatomy Unit 2 (6 decks)

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