Respiratory COPY Flashcards
Pharynx function, regoins, Lining
- Common opening for digestive and respiratory system
- 3 region- Nasopharynx (TRE), Oropharynx (Stratified squamous epithelium), Laryngopharnyx
Resistive Work
- Work to overcome airway resistance MAJOR
- Work to overcome tissue resistance MINOR
Factors determining airway resistance
Airway Narrowing
- Dramatically ______ airway resistance what is an example of this?
- The ____ of the _____ _____ is controlled by?
- Stimulation of _____ receptors causes?
- ______ activity causes bronchoconstriction
- Increases, obstructive diseases
- Tone of the smooth muscle is controlled by the ANS
- B-adrenergic bronchodilation
- Parasympathetic activity
Hemoglobin

Hypercapnia
Increase in?
Cause by?
Symptoms?
- Increase in PaCO2
- Caused by
- Depression of the respiratory center by drugs (narcotics)
- Disease of the medulla
- Airway obstruction (sleep apnea, severe asthma, chronic bronchitis)
- Increased physiological dead space (emphysema)
- Neuromuscular diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
- Symptoms: HA, confusion, increase cardiac output, HTN, arrythmias due to E+ abnormalitities
Gas-exchange airways
Alveolar Sacs
- Alveoli make up the wall of the alveolar sac
Effort- independent flow rate phenomenon
Explain
- 3 tests are performed A (Hard exhale), B (slow then hard), C (least forceful)
- Moral the end of exhalation is all the same for each
- The reason for this is compression of the airways by intrathoracic pressure
Anti Anemic Drugs
WHat are the 3 oral Irons
WHo is IV iron reserved for?
Iron

Overall structure of
- conducting airways
- Gas exchange airways
- Upper- Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
- Lower - Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles
- Gas exchange airways- Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
Larynx function, structure, lining
- Maintain an open passageway for air movement
- Vocal cords- Are primary source of sound production
- Structure- Endolarynx and cartilage
- Epiglottis- Prevents swallowed material from moving into larynx
- Lining: TRE and stratified squamous epithelium in regoins of “wear and tear”
Pulmonary resistance
Pressure volume curve
Hysteresis
Lung Compliance
Major contributing forces to compliance
5 things
If lung volume is small what happens to surface tension?
- Pressure-volume curve of the lung
- The expiratory curve does not follow inspiration
- Hysteresis: Lung volume at a given transpulmonary pressure is higher during deflation then during inflation
- Lung compliance (CL)
- The slope of dV/dP is lung compliance, compliance decreases (the lungs become stiffer) at high lung volumes and very low lung volumes
- Lung compliance and pulmonary diseases
- Decreased compliance
- Fibrosis: Increased fibrous tissue
- Alveolar edema: prevents inflation of alveoli (surface tension change and lung volume decreases)
- Atelectasis: Collapse of alveoli
- Increased compliance
- Emyphysema: loss of alveolar and elastic tissue
- Aging lung: alteration of elastic tissue
- Asthma Attach: unknown
- Decreased compliance
- Major forces contributing to lung compliance
- Tissue elastic force
- Surface tension forces
Increases surface tension
Erythropoeisis

Leukocytes

Regulation of erythro synthesis

Nerves
- Respiratory centers control breath rate and depth
- Autonomic nervous system affects rate and depth through smooth muscle contraction/relaxation
- Parasympathetic tone: Vagus nerve connects smooth muscle cells, stimulation contricts airways by releasing acetylcholine
- Sympathetic tone: Stimulation causes release of catecholamine, which induces bronchodilation, (No innervation to smooth muscles but releases catecholamine)
Airway cross sectional area
2 things,
end result
- Individual airway diameter, decreases with branching
- Overall or total cross-sectional diameter increases a lot
This results in a decreased airflow speed and a decrease in resistnance causing optimal diffusion.
Forced Expiration
Dynamic Compression
- Airway Ptm= 10-10 = 0 airway tends to collapse (equal pressure point)
- Driving force PA-Ppl
- Increasing effort causes similat increase of PA and Ppl

- Inspiration is ____ but _____ during rest is passive. The most important muscle of respiration is the?
- The _____ curve is nonlinear and shows ____. The ____ pressure of the lung is attributable to both its ____ tissue and the _____ ___ of the alveolar linging layer
- Properties of ___ affect lung compliance and abnormal ____ production causes?
- ____ ____ of the airways during forced expiration results in flow that is ____ independent.
- Inspiration is active, but expiration during rest is passive. The most important muscle of respiration is the diaphragm.
- The pressure-volume curve of the lung is nonlinear and shows hysteresis. The recoil pressure of the lung is attributable to both its elastic tissue and the surface tension of the alveolar lining layer.
- Properties of surfactant affect lung compliance, and abnormal surfactant production causes IRDS.
- Dynamic compression of the airways during a forced expiration results in flow that is “effort independent”.
Lymphatic vessels
Deep and superficial
Main function?
- The deep lymphatic capillaries begin at the level of the terminal bronchioles, there are no lymphatic structures in the acinus
- The superficial lymphatic capillaries drain the membrane that surrounds the lungs
- Main thing keep lungs free of fluid
Platelets

Lymphoid organs
nodes
Part of the immune and ____ system
Facilitate?
Transport?
Cleanse?

- Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal inspiration or expiration.
- Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume.
- Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume.
- Volume of air remaining in lungs at the end of a maximal expiration.
- Maximal amount of air that can be inhaled from the end-expiratory level of a tidal volume (VT+IRV).
- Volume of air in the lung at the end of a normal expiration.
- Volume change that occurs between maximal inspiration and maximal expiration (IRV+VT+ERV).
- Volume of air in the lung at the end of a maximal inspiration (RV + VC or FRC + IC).
- Tidal Volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Residual volume
- Inspiratory capacity
- Functional residual capacity
- Vital capacity
- Total lung capacity
Normal destruction of Senescent Erythrocytes
Decrease is RBC ___ production
Become _____ and lose property of _____ deformability
____ red cells, are sequestered and destroyed by ____ of the MPS Primarily?
The ____ takes over if the previous organ is absent (Kipffer cells)
_____ is reduced to billirubin and transported to the liver
_gs of Hemoglobin degraded ____?

Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Number of circulating RBCs remain?
___ stimulates the production and release of?
Erythropoietin produced in? Causes an Increase in?
































