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Small ruminants > Respiratory conditions > Flashcards

Respiratory conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Signs of upper respiratory infection

A

Stridor
Sneezing
Nasal discharge
Increased resp rate
Coughing
Referred abnormal lung sounds

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2
Q

Signs of lower respiratory infection

A

Extension of neck
Elbow abduction
Nasal discharge
Increased resp rate
Coughing
Abnormal lung sounds (CV)
Exercise intolerance
Dyspnoea

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3
Q

Causes of URT disease (6)

A
  • Nasal myiasis
  • Laryngeal chondritis
  • Nasal foreign bodies
  • Nasal tumours:
    Adenopapillomas or polyps
    Squamous cell carcinomas - adenomas
    Adenocarcinomas
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4
Q

Nasal myiasis

A

Larval form of the sheep bot fly (oestrus ovis)
Infects nasal passages and sinuses
Can last 1-10 months, leave by being sneezed out by dropping to ground
Reduction in grazing, loss of condition, may stamp their feet or shake their head, sheep congregate in a circle with heads in the centre. May be neurological signs
Movement induces profuse clear and mucoid nasal discharge
Treat with a single doing of Ivermectin (ML)

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5
Q

Pharyngeal trauma

A

Commonly from overly aggressive use of bolusing guns
May result in abscesses or extensive and diffuse cellulitis of the soft tissues
Signs: impaired swallowing, inappetance, secondary loss of condition

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6
Q

Laryngeal chondritis

A

Usually seen in meat breeds
Laryngeal cartilages become inflamed and oedematous
Marked respiratory effort, inspiratory dyspnoea and stridor
Neck extended, head held lowered with flared nostrils and mouth open
PM appearance is diagnostic - necrosis with purulent exudate
Treat with penicillin, corticosteroids and NSAIDs, maybe an emergency tracheotomy
Very guarded prognosis

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7
Q

Ilex choke

A

Sudden death or acute choke
Reported in lambs that have holly or ilex leaves obstructing pharynx

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8
Q

Common causes of viral pneumonia

A

Parainfluenza virus type 3
Ovine adenovirus

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9
Q

Common causes of viral respiratory disease

A

Maedi-visna
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Jaagsiekte)

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10
Q

Common causes of bacterial pneumonia

A

Manheimia haemolytica
Bibersteinia trehalosi
Pasteurella multocida
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

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11
Q

Most common cause of parasitic pneumonia

A

Dicyocaulus filaria

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12
Q

Clinical signs of acute viral pneumonia

A

Mild respiratory signs
Not always pyrexic
Cough
Serous nasal discharge
Conjunctival discharge
Usually not lethal
Can lead to secondary bacterial infections

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13
Q

Diagnosis of acute viral pneumonia

A

Often unnoticed until more chronic
PM
BAL/transtracheal washes
PCR

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14
Q

Treatment of acute viral pneumonia

A

Antibiosis to prevent bacterial overgrowth
NSAIDs

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15
Q

Pasteurellosis

A

Two main syndromes
- Pneumonic form: acute, exudative, necrotising pneumonia. Frequently fatal, often M. haemolytica is isolated
- Systemic form: acute, fatal disease- often Bibersteinia is isolated

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16
Q

Clinical disease of pasteurellosis

A

Four different presentations
- Septicaemia and sudden death (birth to weaning)
- Pneumonia (older lambs)
- Mastitis
- Joint ill in lambs

17
Q

Clinical signs of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Acute pneumonia from about 2 months upwards
Often premonitory signs are absent, a sudden death is first sign
Tachypnoea/dyspnoea
Pyrexia (41-42)

18
Q

Pathological findings of pneumonic pasteurellosis

A

Acute fibrinous pneumonia
- Congestion
- Consolidation
- (Hepatinization)
- Pleurisy
Usually an anterior distribution, may be confined to one diaphragmatic lobe
Congestion with oedema fluid and fibrin in alveoli in the centre of the lesion

19
Q

Systemic pasteurellosis

A

Can be caused by both Bibersteinia trehalosi and Manheimia haemolytica

20
Q

Bibersteinia trehalosi

A

Commensal of RT and tonsil
Causes septicaemia/endotoxaemia
Commonest in autumn and winter
Acute severe disease
Common strains: T3, T4, T10, T15
Mortality up to 20%
Sheep rarely seen alive, but signs of septicaemia may be noticed
Enlarged LNs, cardiac petechiation, serosal surface petechiation, lungs are oedematous and congested

21
Q

Manheimia haemolytica

A

Young lambs up to 2 months
Septicaemia that results in sudden death
Severe depression, congestion of mucus membranes with cold extremities
Petechiae on liver, spleen, kidneys and myocardium
Treat with Macrolides/tetracyclines/fenicols

22
Q

Chronic lung abscessation

A

Trueperella pyogenes, Actinobacillus lignieresii, and Staphylococcus aureus
Very common in sheep
Can be secondary to Pasteurella pneumonia
Often have an overlying area of pleurisy
Poor BCS, nasal discharge, increased resp rate
Treatment has little effect

23
Q

Caseous lymphadenitis

A

Abscesses surrounded by a very thick capsule and containing the bacteria (Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis)
Clinical signs: increased resp rate and effort, areas of reduced ventilation
Rupture can be a cause of sudden death
Purulent material is thick and non-odorous, onion ring shape
Treatment is difficult due to impenetrable abscesses so cull

24
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia/atypical pneumonia/enzootic pneumonia

A

Chronic, non-suppurative interstitial pneumonia
Predominantly young sheep
Likely Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
Coughing, pyrexia, tachypnoea, dyspnoea on exercise
CrV part of lungs, dark red or greyish pink areas of consolidation - cuffing pneumonia
Treat with oxytet

25
Q

Ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA)

A

Contagious, viral, chronic, progressive, neoplastic disease of the lung
Dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, death
Oncovirus of retroviridae family
Proliferation of neoplastic cells on type 2 pneumocytes
1-20% of flock may die of it
Long incubation period (1-3yrs)
Wheelbarrow test
Ventral lung becomes consolidated
No specific treatment - slaughter

26
Q

Maedi-visna

A

Chronic, progressive, invariably fatal
Visna viruses
Chronic pneumonia, poor body condition, maybe mastitis and arthritis
Lymphoid infiltration of lung and smooth hyperplasia (2-4x heavier), do not collapse when removed from the thorax
Control by slaughtering sero-positive cases or make maedi free flock by rearing lambs separately
Visna is a chronic demyelinating leukoencephalomyelitis

27
Q

CAE

A

Lentivirus of Retroviridae family
Only a small % of those affected show clinical signs
Adults usually polysynovitis-arthritis, chronic interstitial pneumonia, and indurative mastitis
Kids usually encephalitis
Lymphoproliferative lesions with degenerative mononuclear infiltration

28
Q

Ovine parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia

A

Dicyocaulus filaria
Adults reside in the large bronchi
Eggs hatch in intestines
Primarily in lambs
Coughing, tachypnoea, reduced appetite, weight loss, discharge from eyes and nose
Patent phase: bronchitis and bronchiolitis with frothy mucus
Late stages: non-suppurative eosinophilic granulomatous pneumonia usually in the caudal lung lobes
Treat with levamisole

29
Q

Mullerius capillaris

A

Lungworm
Lesions on dorsal aspect of lungs
Raised greenish nodules
Do not get bad enough to cause death - incidental findings

Small ruminants (14 decks)

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