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Small ruminants > Infertility in the ewe and doe > Flashcards

Infertility in the ewe and doe Flashcards

1
Q

what % of ewes conceive in each mating

A

90% (much lower in lambs)

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2
Q

If PD, when do you scan

A

70 days

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3
Q

Fertility definition

A

Whether the ewes become pregnant and go on to lamb

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4
Q

Fecundity definition

A

the number of lambs that are born per pregnancy

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5
Q

Non infectious causes of infertility

A
  • stress
  • litter size
  • drugs
  • toxins
  • diet
  • concurrent disease
  • hyperadrenocorticism
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6
Q

do younger ewes have higher or lower ovulation rates

A

lower

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7
Q

how many ewes can one teaser ram run with

A

100

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8
Q

when does 70% of foetal growth occur

A

last 8 weeks

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9
Q

most frequent infectious cause of abortion

A

Enzootic abortion of ewes (EAE)

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10
Q

Main infectious causes of abortion

A

Enzootic abortion
Toxoplasmosis
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Listeriosis
Other

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11
Q

Aetiology of enzootic abortion of ewes

A

Chlamydia abortus

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12
Q

Is EAE zoonotic

A

yes

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13
Q

Clinical signs of EAE

A

Abortion with no premonitory signs
In the last 2 weeks of gestation
Lamb usually fresh with no autolytic changes
Ewes not usually ill
May show vaginal discharge
May retain foetal membranes
Some develop metritis post abortion

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14
Q

PM of EAE

A

Placenta acutely inflamed
Inter-cotyledonary allantochorion is oedematous, thickened and leathery
Degeneration and necrosis of the foetal cotyledons
Thick yellow deposits on the chorion

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15
Q

When during gestation does EAE cause abortion

A

If early in gestation it will cause abortion, if later it will lie dormant until the next pregnancy and then cause abortion

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16
Q

Diagnosis of EAE

A

Smears from infected inter-cotyledonary area and wet skin of foetus
Stained with ZN to detect intracellular inclusion bodies
Serology

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17
Q

Treatment of EAE

A

Antibiotics reduce but dont eliminate abortions
Long acting oxytetracycline repeated every 10-14 days until lambing

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18
Q

Control of EAE

A

Isolate and mark all infected ewes to help stop the spread
Keep a clean flock
Vaccinate (Enzovac)- usually 1-4 mo before tupping

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19
Q

Aetiology of toxoplasmosis

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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20
Q

Is toxoplasma zoonotic

A

yes

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21
Q

Effects at different stages of gestation of Toxoplasma

A

Early (60-70 days): foetal resorption
Mid gestation: abortion or death and mummification
After 120 days: stillbirth, weak, or normal lambs

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22
Q

PM of toxoplasmosis

A

Cotyledons are bright to dark red in colour with small white nodules
Intercotyledonary areas appear normal

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23
Q

Diagnosis of toxoplasma

A

Clinical signs of barren ewes, abortion, stillbirths, and mummified or weak lambs
Giemsa or leishman stained smears of affected cotyledons

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24
Q

Treatment of Toxoplasma

A

Monensin in feed during pregnancy
Decoquinate
Sulphonamides during acute phase

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25
Q

Control of toxoplasma

A

Biocontainment measures
Vaccination with the S48 strain (Toxovac)

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26
Q

Aetiology of Campylobacteriosis

A

Campylobacter fetus subsp fetus and C. jejuni

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27
Q

Is Campy zoonotic

A

Yes

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28
Q

Clinical signs of Campylobacter

A

Commonest in young or old ewes
Abortion in last 6 weeks
Rarely show other signs except for vulval swelling and reddish coloured vulval discharge

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29
Q

PM of campylobacter

A

Placentitis with oedema and necrosis or foetal cotyledons
Aborted foetus looks fresh, may have necrotic foci in liver

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30
Q

Main sources of C jejuni and C fetus subsp fetus respectively

A

Wildlife
Sheep

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31
Q

Diagnosis of campylobacter

A

Gram or modified ZN stained smears from placenta or foetal stomach contents

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32
Q

Treatment and control of campylobacter

A

Treat with antibiotic
Mix aborted ewes with those who have already lambed to build immunity
Prevent birds accessing feeding troughs
Keep flocks closed

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33
Q

Aetiology of salmonellosis

A

S. abortusovis
S. typhimurium
S. Dublin
S. montevideo
S. diarizonae
Occasionally exotic strains

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34
Q

Is salmonella zoonotic

A

Yes, except S. abortusovis

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35
Q

Disease profile at different stages of gestation of salmonella

A

Early gestation: barren ewes
Late pregnancy: abortion and the birth weak lambs
Affected ewes often ill, can recover to become symptomless carriers

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36
Q

Clinical signs of S. abortusovis

A

Few signs in ewes except abortion, usually in last 6 weeks
In lambs either: born weak and die in a few hours, or born healthy and suddenly become ill and die in first 10 days

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37
Q

Clinical signs for S. montevideo and S. diarizonae

A

Little systemic illness
Not as severe as S. dublin and S. typhurmurium
Abortion

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38
Q

Clinical signs of S. typhimurium

A

Ewes: anorexia, pyrexia, profuse scour, foul smelling discharge, death (septicaemia or dehydration)
lambs: may be born dead, or alive with signs of severe illness

39
Q

Clinical signs of S. dublin

A

Not normally as severe as S. typhimurium
Death usually from septicaemia or dehydration
Mortality rates much lower

40
Q

Diagnosis of Salmonella

A

Clinical signs
Culture from foetal stomach contents
FAT and serological tests

41
Q

Treatment and control of salmonella

A

Isolate
Treat with antibiotic
Regularly change feeding area
Avoid stressful situations arising in flock

42
Q

Aetiology of Listeriosis

A

L. monocytogenes and occasionally L. ivanovii

43
Q

Clinical signs of listeriosis

A

Encephalitis, abortion, diarrhoea with septicaemia, keratoconjunctivitis, mastitis, septicaemia ad death of young lambs.
Abortion can occur at any stage, more frequent in late pregnancy
May be pyrexic before abortion
Weak lambs often born
Ewe often has heavy brown discharge

44
Q

PM of listeriosis

A

Grey/white focal necrosis in foetal liver
Placental villi are necrotic
Chorion covered with brownish red exudate

45
Q

Likely exposure of listeria

A

Soil contaminated silage

46
Q

Diagnosis of listeriosis

A

Isolation of organism
FAT

47
Q

Treatment and control of listeria

A

Antibiotics
Do not feed poor silage to pregnant ewes

48
Q

Aetiology or border disease

A

Pestivirus
‘hairy shaker disease’

49
Q

Clinical signs of border disease

A

Lambs born with neurological disease and coarse fleece
Adults: mild pyrexia, abortion at any stage of gestation - brown mummified or swollen anasacous foetus

50
Q

Common source of infection with border disease

A

Persistently infected animals - chronic shedders

51
Q

Diagnosis of border disease

A

Clinical signs, histopathological examination of the brain and spinal cord
FAT and serology

52
Q

Treatment and control of border disease

A

No treatment or vaccination available
Maintain a closed flock

53
Q

Aetiology of lepto

A

Leptospira spp. serovar hardjo
Disease in late gestation (abortion) and immediate post partum period in lambs

54
Q

Clinical signs of lepto

A

Reproductive wastage, late abortion, stillbirths, and birth of weak lambs

55
Q

Diagnosis of lepto

A

Isolation of organism from foetus or membranes using FAT
Paired serology

56
Q

Treatment and control of lepto

A

If abortion storm treat ewes with dihydrostreptomycin as single dose
control attempted by vaccination

57
Q

Aetiology of brucellosis

A

Brucella melitensis and B. ovis

58
Q

Is Brucellosis notifiable

A

Yes (malta fever in humans)

59
Q

Clinical signs of brucellosis

A

Abortion, still birth, weak lambs
B. ovis causes epididymitis and subsequent infertility and sterility

60
Q

Epidemiology of brucellosis

A

Direct ingestion of products of abortion

61
Q

Diagnosis of brucellosis

A

Examination or culture of placental smears, foetal stomach contents or vaginal discharge
serology

62
Q

Q-fever

A

rickettsia Coxiella burnetti
Not that significant in sheep farming but some outbreaks, important for public health
spread by aerosols from fleece or dust in lambing area (placenta and vaginal discharges are heavily contaminated

63
Q

Ureaplasmas

A

Granular vulvaginitis
Infertility and abortion in cattle, maybe same in sheep
Ram often a major distributor of infection

64
Q

Aetiology of tick borne fever

A

Cytoecetes phagocytophilia, limited to areas with Ixodes ricinus ticks

65
Q

Clinical signs of tick borne fever

A

Abortion in adult sheep if infected in late pregnancy
Reabsorption if infected in early pregnancy

66
Q

Clinical signs of tick borne fever

A

Abortion in adult sheep if infected in late pregnancy
Reabsorption if infected in early pregnancy

67
Q

Diagnosis of tick borne fever

A

Identifying the organism in leucocytes of ewes that have aborted

68
Q

Diagnosis of tick borne fever

A

Identifying the organism in leucocytes of ewes that have aborted

69
Q

Treatment and control of tickborne fever

A

Oxytetracycline for naive flock
Control ticks by dipping

70
Q

Aetiology of bluetongue virus

A

Orbivirus infection, notifiable

71
Q

Clinical signs of bluetongue virus

A

Vascular damage leading to pyrexia, damage to the coronary band, salivation due to oedema and hyperaemia of the muzzle tongue and buccal mucosa
Abortion, early embryonic death, or the birth of dummy lambs

72
Q

Epidemiology of bluetongue virus

A

Transmitted by culicoides midges, risk decreases as temp drops

73
Q

Diagnosis of bluetongue virus

A

Antibodies using serology
Virus isolation or PCR

74
Q

Treatment and control of bluetongue virus

A

Notifiable
Vaccination available

75
Q

Aetiology of schmallenburg virus

A

Orthobunyavirus, endemic in UK now

76
Q

Clinical signs of schmallenburg

A

No signs in infected ewes
1st half of gestation: resorption or mummification of foetus, maybe abortion
Malformed animals and stillbirths occur with congenital abnormalities

77
Q

Diagnosis of schmallenburg

A

Serology or virus isolation

78
Q

Control of schmallenburg

A

Control of vectors- try and keep midges out
Vaccines available

79
Q

What should the barren rate of a flock be below

A

2% (greater than 4% warrants investigation)

80
Q

Main causes of early embryonic death (7)

A
  • Border disease
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Subacute fluke
  • Schmallenburg
  • Selenium deficiency
  • Iodine deficiency
  • Tick borne fever
81
Q

Cycle length of a doe

A

18-21 days

82
Q

Oestrus duration doe

A

12-36 hours

83
Q

Timing of ovulation of doe

A

24-36 hours after beginning of oestrus

84
Q

Causes of anoestrus in maiden animals

A

Poor growth rate
Intersex
Anatomical abnormalities

85
Q

Pseudopregnancy incidence

A

9%, up to 30% in some herds

86
Q

Signs of pseudopregnancy

A

Abdominal distension
Udder development if non lactating
Sudden loss of fluid
Diagnose with ultrasound

87
Q

Treatment of pseudopregnancy

A

PGF2a

88
Q

Abortion in Angora goats

A

Syndrome linked with environmental stress and chronic energy deficiency

89
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation of the endometrium only

90
Q

Metritis

A

Inflammation of all layers of the uterus wall

91
Q

Perimetritis

A

Inflammation of the serosal surface only

92
Q

Pyometritis

A

Metritis and free purulent material in the lumen of the uterus

93
Q

Bacterial causes of abortion (7)

A

Chlamydial organisms
Campylobacter fetus
Salmonella
Listeria monocytogenes
Coxiella burnetti
Leptospira
Brucella melitensis

94
Q

Parasitic causes of abortion

A

Toxoplasma gondii

Small ruminants (14 decks)

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