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Small ruminants > Diarrhoea in the young lamb and kid > Flashcards

Diarrhoea in the young lamb and kid Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of diarrhoea <3weeks (7)

A

E. coli
Cl. perfringens B, C
Salmonella
Rotavirus
Cryptosporidium
Giardia
Diet

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2
Q

Causes of diarrhoea 4-12 weeks (7)

A

Cl. perfringens B, D
Enterotoxic clostridia
Salmonella
Nematodirus spp
Telasodorsagia
Coccidiosis
Diet

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3
Q

Causes of diarrhoea in weaned (>12 weeks) (5)

A

Enterotoxic clostridia
Salmonella
Parasitic gastroenteritis
Coccidiosis
Diet

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4
Q

Nutritional diarrhoea

A

Usually lambs/kids fed on automatic milking machines
Often associated with overfeeding, mistakes at mixing or poor quality milk replacers
Inappropriate concentration milk replacers induce osmotic diarrhoeas - pasty white scour

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5
Q

Common bacterial causes of diarrhoea in lambs/kids

A

E. coli
Salmonella
Cl. perfringens

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6
Q

Common viral causes of diarrhoea in lambs/kids

A

Rotavirus

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7
Q

Common parasitic causes of diarrhoea in lambs/kids

A

Crypto
Coccidia
Giardia
Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE)

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8
Q

E. coli

A
  • Severe problems in intensive lambing environments
  • Can cause high mortality in neonatal lambs
  • Septicaemia may be a sequelae
  • PM findings - bacteria adhering to brush border, hyperaemia and neutrophil infiltration to SI, LI and caecum are unaffected
  • Treatment largely ineffective and there may a high mortality amongst clinical cases - use spectinomycin
  • Prevention by improved husbandry
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9
Q

Watery mouth (rattle belly)

A
  • Ingestion of non-enterotoxigenic E. coli (K99)
  • Hypogammaglobulinaemia may predispose (low colostrum intake)
  • May affect lambs causing tympanism, constipation - intestinal stasis, and acidosis even without diarrhoea
  • Can cause high mortality in neonatal lambs
  • Treat with antibiotics and flunixin or meloxicam
  • Prevention with hygiene, colostrum and husbandry
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10
Q

Salmonella

A
  • Can affect any age but more severe in young animals
  • Diarrhoea may contain blood
  • Septicaemia is usually accompanying
  • PM: generalised septicaemia, acute abasomitis, and necrotic enteritis, swollen friable liver, haemorrhages on organs
  • Treat with antimicrobials (potentiated sulphonamides), NSAIDs
  • Notifiable
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11
Q

Lamb dysentery

A
  • Clostridium perfringens type B
  • Seen in young lambs- usually under 1 week
  • Affects small intestine - ulceration and haemorrhage
  • Subacute necrotising haemorrhagic enteritis
  • Dull and lethargic, abdominal pain, straddling gait, profuse diarrhoea, rapidly dehydrated
  • High mortality rate
  • Treatment has little effect
  • Control by vaccine with multivalent clostridia toxoids
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12
Q

Rotavirus

A
  • Type A (zoonotic), B, and C
  • Affects and attaches to the tip of the villi of SI cells
  • Depression, anorexia, diarrhoea, dehydration
  • Detect in faeces by ELISA or PAGE
  • Supportive treatment, correcting dehydration
  • Vaccinate ewes
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13
Q

Coronavirus

A
  • Similar to rotavirus
  • More severe but shorter incubation
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14
Q

Picornaviruses

A
  • Mild cardiac respiratory, neurologic, and cutaneous disease
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15
Q

Bunyaviridae family viruses (schmallenberg)

A
  • Malaise and enteric disease
  • Main presentation is arthrogryposis and abortion
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16
Q

Adenovirus

A
  • Pneumoenteritis with respiratory signs following enteric signs
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17
Q

Cryptosporidium

A
  • Ileum more commonly affected, but also jejunum
  • Villi become atrophic with also a compensatory crypt hyperplasia
  • Diarrhoea is of malabsorptive origin, villi disruption, stunting of villi
  • Sporulation can occur in the gut
  • Diarrhoea is acute onset, pale green/yellow, watery with some blood staining for up to 7 days
  • Diagnosis with ZN staining
  • Supportive treatment for dehydration
18
Q

Giardia

A
  • Limited importance for small ruminants but zoonotic
  • Diarrhoea usually transient but may shed cysts for months
  • Faeces are malodourous, diarrhoea is malabsorptive
  • Poor growth, weight loss, decreased weight gain
  • SNAP test
  • Treat with fenbendazole
19
Q

Rehydration

A

Fluids orally or parenteral injection
Oral electrolyte injection (glucose/sodium/potassium/chloride/bicarbonate) - do not mix with milk
IV fluids like hartmans or sodium chloride
Oral kaolin to control diarrhoea

20
Q

Antimicrobials

A

E. coli: oral spectinomycin, streptomycin, neomycin, or penicillin drug if systemic signs
Salmonella: differs widely in sensitivity. Use potentiated sulphonamides
Rotavirus: just supportive care

21
Q

NSAIDs

A

If animals are hydrated or if rehydration is achieved with fluids using NSAIDs (meloxicam or flunixin) is highly recommended to decrease inflammation and allow them to eat more

22
Q

Antispasmodic drugs

A

Buscopan (butyl scopolamine) to help spasm caused by severe enteritis

23
Q

Nutrition

A

Must continue to receive milk for adequate energy

24
Q

Vaccinating ewes and does

A

Vaccinate 4-6 weeks before parturition - mostly target clostridial organisms
Can use bovine E. coli vaccine
Efficacy questionable for salmonella vaccine

25
Q

Coccidiosis

A
  • Eimeria spp.
  • Occurs typically as diarrhoea in young lambs or kids (4-8weeks to 5mo) under intensive conditions
  • Pre-patent period of approximately 21 days
  • Rare in adults (developing immunity)
  • Haematochezia and tenesmus can be noticed
  • Diarrhoea will be watery and brown, may contain blood
  • Death is common in acute cocci, if chronic poor growth etc.
  • Identify oocysts for type of coccidia to guide treatment
  • Diagnose with faecal egg count
  • Lesions mostly in caecum and colon - haemorrhage and mucosal disruption
  • Characteristic raised white spots may be detected
  • Prevention better than treatment
26
Q

Which Eimeria spp. are highly pathogenic and lead to disease in sheep?

A

E. ovinoidalis and E. crandallis

27
Q

Which Eimeria spp. are highly pathogenic and lead to disease in goats

A

E. arlongi, E. christenseni, E. caprina and ​E. ninakohlyakimovae

28
Q

Coccidiostatic drugs

A

Arrest the development of the protozoa- used more to prevent/ control disease
- Decoquinate - common
- Amprolium
- Trimethoprim
- Sulphonamide
- Diclazuril - common
- Vecoxxan
- Toltrazuril - common
- Baycox

29
Q

Coccidiocidal drugs

A

Irreversibly kill or damage the parasite
- Amprolium
- Trimethoprim
- Sulphonamide
- Toltrazil
- Baycox

30
Q

Nematodirus

A
  • SI nematode
  • Severe enteritis, especially in the ileum, damage to villi
  • Early may and late june, has high resistance to freezing and desiccation, needs a period of chill followed by mean temp increase of 10 degrees from night to day
  • Lambs become resistant form 10-12wks
  • Lamb to lamb spread
  • Weight loss, diarrhoea, anorexia
  • Diagnose with FEC
  • Treat with group 1 anthelmintic (benzimidazoles)
31
Q

Diarrhoea caused by clostridiosis

A

Perfringens type…
A: enterotoxaemia with jAundice
B: lamB dysentery
C: struCk - sheep
D: pulpy kiDney - rare in goats and calves, most common
E: Enterotoxaemia - calves, rare in lambs

sordelli and novyi type D can cause enterotoxaemia with or without diarrhoea

Most clinical signs caused by beta and epsilon toxin

32
Q

Enterotoxaemia/struck

A
  • Cl perfringens type C - beta toxin
  • Sheep on good grazing
  • Bloody diarrhoea and haemorrhagic enteritis
  • Lambs 6-8mo
  • Sudden death with large amount of straw coloured fluid in the peritoneal cavity
  • Control by vaccination
33
Q

Pulpy kidney

A
  • Cl. perfringens type D
  • Colic and diarrhoea
  • Peracute, acute, chronic
  • Soft, pulpy, friable kidney in sheep, but swollen, friable liver in goats
34
Q

Red-gut intestinal torsion

A
  • Condition of lambs grazed on lush pastures
  • Increased fermentability and gas production - displacement and torsion of the SI
  • Death due to shock and endotoxaemia
  • Feed roughage while grazing to prevent
35
Q

Protein engorgement/acidosis

A
  • Acute metabolic disease
  • Sudden ingestion of excess high carbohydrate feed inducing increased acid rumen contents
  • Treat acidosis, if bloated treat with antifoaming agents/mineral oils
  • Increase fibre content of feed, control access to concentrate feeds and grain
  • Vit B1 (thiamine) administered to prevent cerebrocortico necrosis
36
Q

Parasitic gastro-enteritis (PGE)

A
  • PGE in Britain is a disease primarily of lambs, characterised by weight loss and diarrhoea
  • Marked periparturient rise in faecal egg output by ewes is the most important cause of pasture contamination in spring
  • Disease occurs mid-late summer, when pasture build up of larvae reaches a peak
  • Control is through strategic use of anthelmintics and grazing management
37
Q

Telasodorsagia

A

Type I is typical of growing lambs, inducing poor growth, diarrhoea, dehydration
Larvae remain in the gastric glands waiting for favourable conditions
Re-emerge to cause type II disease
Reduces HCl production, abomasal pH rises, enhanced permeability of gut
Test by measuring blood pepsinogen conc - will be increased

38
Q

Haemonchus

A

Higher clinical importance in ewes than lambs
Can be seen in grazing lambs in late summer
Weight loss, lack of growth, anaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, submandibular oedema usually without diarrhoea
Test with peanut agglutinin staining

39
Q

Intestinal parasites (Trichstrongylus colubriformis and Nematodirus battus)

A

Diarrhoea, poor growth, unthrifty
Rough coats and in severe cases submandibular/facial oedema

40
Q

Antibiotics for E. coli, salmonella, and clostridiums

A

E. coli: gram negative spectrum (spectinomycin, neomycin, streptomycin)
Salmonella: potentiated sulphonamides
Clostridiums: penicillin/tetracyclines

41
Q

Dewormers

A

Nematodirus: Benzimidazoles
PGE: depends on farm status
Anticoccidials: Decoquinate, Toltrazuril, Diclazuril
Antiprotozoals: Halofuginone

Small ruminants (14 decks)

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