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Small ruminants > CNS disease of sheep and goats > Flashcards

CNS disease of sheep and goats Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain pathologies (12)

A
  • Bacterial meningoencephalitis
  • Thermal injury (disbudding goats)
  • Aujesky’s disease/SHV-1
  • Brain abscessation
  • Sinusitis
  • Gid (sheep)
  • Cerebrocortical necrosis (CNN)/Polioencephalomalacia
  • Louping ill
  • Salt poisoning
  • Lead poisoning
  • Scrapie
  • Atypical scrapie
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2
Q

Cerebellar pathologies (4)

A

Loss of fine motor control
- Congenital swayback
- Dandy-walker syndrome
- Cerebellar abiotrophy
- Cerebellar hypoplasia

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3
Q

Vestibular system pathologies (1)

A
  • Middle ear infection/otitis media
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4
Q

Mid-brain pathologies (2)

A

Depression, coma, ophisthotonus, ventrolateral strabismus, loss of PLR, intact vision
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Basilar empyema

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5
Q

Brainstem pathologies (1)

A

Signs depend on which cranial nerve nuclei affected: locus coeruleus (dullness), pyramidal system (ipsilateral weakness, contralateral extensor thrust)
- Listeriosis

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6
Q

Spinal cord pathologies (10)

A
  • Hairy shakers/hypomyelinogenesis
  • Atlanto-occipital septic arthritis
  • Delayed swayback
  • Vertebral body osteomyelitis and vertebral empyema
  • Sarcocystosis
  • ‘Wobbler syndrome’ / compressive cervical myelopathy
  • Spinal trauma
  • Cauda equine syndrome
  • Visna/CAE
  • Tetanus
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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system pathologies (3)

A
  • Botulism
  • Kangaroo gait
  • Peripheral nerve damage
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8
Q

Toxicoses with neurological presentations (10)

A
  • Closantel/rafoxanide
  • Levamisole
  • Organophosphate
  • Lead
  • Salt
  • Mercury (chronic)
  • Urea
  • Organochlorides
  • Bitter lupins
  • Ryegrass staggers
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9
Q

Bacterial meningoencephalitis

A

Usually in neonates
Dull, dont feed, blind, tremors of the head, odd vocalisations, seizure - comatose - death
Bacteraemia leading to meningeal infection
Treat with broad spectrum antibiotics, NSAIDs
guarded prognosis

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10
Q

Thermal injury (disbudding goats)

A

Signs depend on degree of injury
Dull, don’t feed, blind, tremors of head, odd vocalisations, seizure - comatose - death
Treat with corticosteroids, broad spec antibiotics
Poor prognosis

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11
Q

Aujesky’s disease/SHV-1

A

Mad itch extreme - fatal pruritis
Notifiable
No treatment

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12
Q

Brain abscessation

A

Signs depend on location
Blindness, unilateral, contralateral proprioceptive deficits, head tilt, circling
Often 2-4 months
Euthanise

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13
Q

Sinusitis

A

Depression, head pressing, unilateral nasal discharge (also brain abscess signs?)
Dehorning/ foreign material / migration of bot fly
Prolonged course of antibiotics
Moderate prognosis unless brain abscess

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14
Q

Gid

A

Blindness, head tilt, circling
Metacestode of dog tapeworm T. multiceps - coenurus cerebralis cyst
Euthanise or remove surgically

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15
Q

Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)/ Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

A

Central blindness, high head carriage, hyperaesthesia, seizures, dorsomedial strabismus, dark green diarrhoea, opisthonos, paddling, death
Due to an imbalance of thiaminolytic vs thiaminogenic bacteria - thiamine deficiency
Treat with thiamine

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16
Q

Louping ill

A

Zoonotic
Incoordination, ataxia, paralysis, convulsions, coma, death
Flavivirus transmission by Ixodes ricinus ticks
Supportive treatment plus oxytet if co infection
Vaccine available

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17
Q

Salt poisoning

A

More common in pigs and cattle
Unsettled, central blindness, ataxia, head pressing, altered gait, aimless wandering, recumbency, seizures, death
Can try to treat with hypertonic saline IVF or frusemide

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18
Q

Lead poisoning

A

More common in cattle - rare
Blindness, agression, bruxism, tremors, dullness or frenzy, convulsions, death, colic, constipation, ruminal stasis
Diagnose by testing blood
Treat with IV Calcium sodium edetate

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19
Q

Scrapie

A

Notifiable
Separation, depression, head tremor, low head carriage, pruritis, weight loss, bruxism, cud-dropping, ataxia, paresis, quadriplegia
Prion disease PrPc to PrPsc leads to protein accumulation in brain
No antemortem diagnosis
Inevitably fatal

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20
Q

Atypical scrapie

A

Abnormal behavious, absent menace response, no scratch response, no alopecia, circling when blindfolded, incoordination, tremor
PrPsc accumulation but distribution in brain is different, in sheep with scrapie resistant genotypes

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21
Q

Congenital swayback

A

Small weak lambs, fine head tremor, worsens with activity, more mildly affected lambs are poorly coordinated and struggle to find the teat
In utero copper deficiency leads to faulty myelin production and cavitation of white matter
Euthanise

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22
Q

Dandy-walker syndrome (sheep)

A

Congenital deformity - cerebellar vermis is deformed
Hypertensive hydrocephalus- domed head, thin skull
Euthanise

23
Q

Cerebellar abiotrophy

A

Hereditary problem
Degeneration of the cerebellar Purkinje cells
Dysmetria, ataxia, preserved strength, intention tremors
No treatment

24
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia

A

Typical cerebellar signs, but doesn’t worsen over time
Could be congenital, infectious, bluetongue (notifiable)
No treatment

25
Q

Middle ear infection/otitis media

A

Unilateral head tilt towards the lesion
Balance often affected, horizontal nystagmus
(recumbency, facial nerve paralysis, horners syndrome)
Bacterial cause, often Pasteurella, Strep, T. pyogenes
Treat with antibiosis, and sometime puncture the tympanum with a needle and flush of the middle ear

26
Q

Hepatic encephalopathy

A

Blindness, agression, tremors, dullness, head pressing, sham eating and drinking
Multiple causes e.g. ragwort poisoning
Treat underlying problem, steroids and B vitamins

27
Q

Basilar empyema

A

Usually in cattle but possible
Depression, anorexia, ataxia, head pressing, multiple cranial nerve deficits
Abscessation occurs around pituitary gland
Can try prolonged antibiosis if caught early but poor prognosis

28
Q

Listeriosis

A

Usually seen winter-spring when on silage, most common in young adults
Depression, circling, head tilt unilateral facial nerve damage, unilateral hemiparesis, propulsive tendency, develops to recumbency and death
Grows in spoiled silage
Treat with penicillin based antibiotics, short acting steroid to reduce brainstem swelling, NSAIDs

29
Q

Hairy shakers/hypomyelinogenesis

A

Sheep
Truncal ataxia and hairy fleece
In utero infection with pestivirus (BVD/BVDV)

30
Q

Atlanto-occipital septic arthritis

A

Sheep
Low head carriage, stiff neck, tetraparesis, ataxia in young
Clinical signs, elevated protein levels in CSF, reflexes exaggerated
Treat with single dose of dexamethasone, 7-10 days of procaine penicillin

31
Q

Delayed swayback

A

Sheep
Progressive ascending ataxia and weakness, normal at birth then develops at 2-4mo
In utero copper deficiency- demyelination after birth
Can try copper supplementation but guarded prognosis

32
Q

Vertebral body osteomyelitis and vertebral empyema

A

Varies depending on location of lesion
Compressive spinal lesions, most common in lambs 6-12 weeks
Bacteraemia is presumed
Treatment usually pointless

33
Q

Sarcocytosis

A

Sheep
Affects any age but more common in lambs
BAR, hindlimb ataxia and paresis, sometimes seizure and death
Caused by Sarcocystis spp (other hosts are dogs/foxes)
Poor/guarded prognosis
Supportive treatment

34
Q

Wobbler syndrome/compressive cervical myelopathy

A

Ataxia, toe-scuffing, tetraparesis, progressing to tetraplegia
Texels and Beltexs
Fibrous/fatty nodules within the cervical spinal canal
Hopeless prognosis

35
Q

Spinal trauma

A

Most common in rams and dairy cattle
Anti-inflammatories, rest, or euthanasia

36
Q

Cauda-equina syndrome

A

Tail paralysis, inability to urinate, dilated bladder, passive release of urine, reduce anal tone, absent perineal reflex
Usually due to tail head injury
Anti-inflammatories, rest or euthanasia

37
Q

Visna/CAE

A

Sheep: weight loss, unilateral hindlimb paresis and ataxia, progressing to general incoordination, HL paralysis, recumbency, death. Usually in older sheep in flocks heavily affected by Maedi
Goats: Similar to sheep but in kids 1-6mo
Lentiviruses
No treatment - euthanise

38
Q

Tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani
Puncture wounds
Prevent by vaccination
Treat with high dose penicillin, anti-toxin, sedation
Poor prognosis

39
Q

Botulism

A

Stiffness, incoordination, ataxia, excitibility, salivation, nasal discharge, flaccid paralysis, poor tongue retraction, hyporeflexia, ruminal bloat, death
Toxin interferes with release of ACh at NMJs
Supportive care only, poor prognosis

40
Q

Kangaroo gait

A

Sheep
Weakness in forelimbs, hindlimbs preserve strength
Seen in early-mid-lactation in ewes, usually with twin lambs
Supportive care only, good prognosis once ewes recover

41
Q

Peripheral nerve damage

A

Acute onset, weakness, reduced/absent reflexes, reduced muscle tone, reduced/absent sensation

42
Q

Peroneal nerve damage

A

Hyperflexion of fetlock, overextension of hock, prolonged recumbency in cattle

43
Q

Tibial nerve damage

A

Hyperflexion of hock, knuckling of fetlock
Prolonged recumbency or injection into caudal thigh

44
Q

Facial nerve damage

A

Facial paralysis
May be damaged by ear infection or prolonged recumbency or trauma to the lateral aspect of the face
Anti-inflammatories, supportive therapy
Better prognosis as they can regrow

45
Q

Closantel/rafoxanide overdose

A

Myelin swelling
Most common sign is blindness, also tetraparesis and death

46
Q

Levamisole toxicity (goats)

A

Anxiety, hyperaesthesia, increased urination and defaecation, tremors, staggering gait, convulsions

47
Q

Organophosphate toxicity

A

Restlessness, ptyalism, dyspnoea, tremors, increased frequency of urination and defaecation, bloat, head pressing, intermittent convulsions, paresis, recumbency

48
Q

Lead poisoning

A

Depression, incoordination, hyperexcitability, blindness, convulsions, vocalisations, constipations

49
Q

Salt poisoning

A

Tremors, blindness, nystagmus, weakness, weakness, incoordination, head pressing, opisthonotus, convulsions, coma.
Common in pigs

50
Q

Mercury (chronic) poisoning

A

Anorexia, ataxia, blindness, convulsions, paresis

51
Q

Urea poisoning

A

Salivation, bloating, weakness, staggering, muscle twitching, convulsions

52
Q

Organochlorines poisoning

A

Fasciculation’s of the head and neck, spasms, bruxism, snapping of eyelids, bloat, incoordination, aimless wandering/circling, convulsions, coma

53
Q

Bitter lupin poisoning

A

Medulla and spinal cord excitation followed by depression, prostration, decreased HR and BP, pupillary dilation

Small ruminants (14 decks)

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