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CNS disease of sheep and goats Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain pathologies (12)

A
  • Bacterial meningoencephalitis
  • Thermal injury (disbudding goats)
  • Aujesky’s disease/SHV-1
  • Brain abscessation
  • Sinusitis
  • Gid (sheep)
  • Cerebrocortical necrosis (CNN)/Polioencephalomalacia
  • Louping ill
  • Salt poisoning
  • Lead poisoning
  • Scrapie
  • Atypical scrapie
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2
Q

Cerebellar pathologies (4)

A

Loss of fine motor control
- Congenital swayback
- Dandy-walker syndrome
- Cerebellar abiotrophy
- Cerebellar hypoplasia

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3
Q

Vestibular system pathologies (1)

A
  • Middle ear infection/otitis media
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4
Q

Mid-brain pathologies (2)

A

Depression, coma, ophisthotonus, ventrolateral strabismus, loss of PLR, intact vision
- Hepatic encephalopathy
- Basilar empyema

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5
Q

Brainstem pathologies (1)

A

Signs depend on which cranial nerve nuclei affected: locus coeruleus (dullness), pyramidal system (ipsilateral weakness, contralateral extensor thrust)
- Listeriosis

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6
Q

Spinal cord pathologies (10)

A
  • Hairy shakers/hypomyelinogenesis
  • Atlanto-occipital septic arthritis
  • Delayed swayback
  • Vertebral body osteomyelitis and vertebral empyema
  • Sarcocystosis
  • ‘Wobbler syndrome’ / compressive cervical myelopathy
  • Spinal trauma
  • Cauda equine syndrome
  • Visna/CAE
  • Tetanus
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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system pathologies (3)

A
  • Botulism
  • Kangaroo gait
  • Peripheral nerve damage
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8
Q

Toxicoses with neurological presentations (10)

A
  • Closantel/rafoxanide
  • Levamisole
  • Organophosphate
  • Lead
  • Salt
  • Mercury (chronic)
  • Urea
  • Organochlorides
  • Bitter lupins
  • Ryegrass staggers
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9
Q

Bacterial meningoencephalitis

A

Usually in neonates
Dull, dont feed, blind, tremors of the head, odd vocalisations, seizure - comatose - death
Bacteraemia leading to meningeal infection
Treat with broad spectrum antibiotics, NSAIDs
guarded prognosis

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10
Q

Thermal injury (disbudding goats)

A

Signs depend on degree of injury
Dull, don’t feed, blind, tremors of head, odd vocalisations, seizure - comatose - death
Treat with corticosteroids, broad spec antibiotics
Poor prognosis

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11
Q

Aujesky’s disease/SHV-1

A

Mad itch extreme - fatal pruritis
Notifiable
No treatment

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12
Q

Brain abscessation

A

Signs depend on location
Blindness, unilateral, contralateral proprioceptive deficits, head tilt, circling
Often 2-4 months
Euthanise

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13
Q

Sinusitis

A

Depression, head pressing, unilateral nasal discharge (also brain abscess signs?)
Dehorning/ foreign material / migration of bot fly
Prolonged course of antibiotics
Moderate prognosis unless brain abscess

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14
Q

Gid

A

Blindness, head tilt, circling
Metacestode of dog tapeworm T. multiceps - coenurus cerebralis cyst
Euthanise or remove surgically

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15
Q

Cerebrocortical necrosis (CCN)/ Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

A

Central blindness, high head carriage, hyperaesthesia, seizures, dorsomedial strabismus, dark green diarrhoea, opisthonos, paddling, death
Due to an imbalance of thiaminolytic vs thiaminogenic bacteria - thiamine deficiency
Treat with thiamine

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16
Q

Louping ill

A

Zoonotic
Incoordination, ataxia, paralysis, convulsions, coma, death
Flavivirus transmission by Ixodes ricinus ticks
Supportive treatment plus oxytet if co infection
Vaccine available

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17
Q

Salt poisoning

A

More common in pigs and cattle
Unsettled, central blindness, ataxia, head pressing, altered gait, aimless wandering, recumbency, seizures, death
Can try to treat with hypertonic saline IVF or frusemide

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18
Q

Lead poisoning

A

More common in cattle - rare
Blindness, agression, bruxism, tremors, dullness or frenzy, convulsions, death, colic, constipation, ruminal stasis
Diagnose by testing blood
Treat with IV Calcium sodium edetate

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19
Q

Scrapie

A

Notifiable
Separation, depression, head tremor, low head carriage, pruritis, weight loss, bruxism, cud-dropping, ataxia, paresis, quadriplegia
Prion disease PrPc to PrPsc leads to protein accumulation in brain
No antemortem diagnosis
Inevitably fatal

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20
Q

Atypical scrapie

A

Abnormal behavious, absent menace response, no scratch response, no alopecia, circling when blindfolded, incoordination, tremor
PrPsc accumulation but distribution in brain is different, in sheep with scrapie resistant genotypes

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21
Q

Congenital swayback

A

Small weak lambs, fine head tremor, worsens with activity, more mildly affected lambs are poorly coordinated and struggle to find the teat
In utero copper deficiency leads to faulty myelin production and cavitation of white matter
Euthanise

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22
Q

Dandy-walker syndrome (sheep)

A

Congenital deformity - cerebellar vermis is deformed
Hypertensive hydrocephalus- domed head, thin skull
Euthanise

23
Q

Cerebellar abiotrophy

A

Hereditary problem
Degeneration of the cerebellar Purkinje cells
Dysmetria, ataxia, preserved strength, intention tremors
No treatment

24
Q

Cerebellar hypoplasia

A

Typical cerebellar signs, but doesn’t worsen over time
Could be congenital, infectious, bluetongue (notifiable)
No treatment

25
Middle ear infection/otitis media
Unilateral head tilt towards the lesion Balance often affected, horizontal nystagmus (recumbency, facial nerve paralysis, horners syndrome) Bacterial cause, often Pasteurella, Strep, T. pyogenes Treat with antibiosis, and sometime puncture the tympanum with a needle and flush of the middle ear
26
Hepatic encephalopathy
Blindness, agression, tremors, dullness, head pressing, sham eating and drinking Multiple causes e.g. ragwort poisoning Treat underlying problem, steroids and B vitamins
27
Basilar empyema
Usually in cattle but possible Depression, anorexia, ataxia, head pressing, multiple cranial nerve deficits Abscessation occurs around pituitary gland Can try prolonged antibiosis if caught early but poor prognosis
28
Listeriosis
Usually seen winter-spring when on silage, most common in young adults Depression, circling, head tilt unilateral facial nerve damage, unilateral hemiparesis, propulsive tendency, develops to recumbency and death Grows in spoiled silage Treat with penicillin based antibiotics, short acting steroid to reduce brainstem swelling, NSAIDs
29
Hairy shakers/hypomyelinogenesis
Sheep Truncal ataxia and hairy fleece In utero infection with pestivirus (BVD/BVDV)
30
Atlanto-occipital septic arthritis
Sheep Low head carriage, stiff neck, tetraparesis, ataxia in young Clinical signs, elevated protein levels in CSF, reflexes exaggerated Treat with single dose of dexamethasone, 7-10 days of procaine penicillin
31
Delayed swayback
Sheep Progressive ascending ataxia and weakness, normal at birth then develops at 2-4mo In utero copper deficiency- demyelination after birth Can try copper supplementation but guarded prognosis
32
Vertebral body osteomyelitis and vertebral empyema
Varies depending on location of lesion Compressive spinal lesions, most common in lambs 6-12 weeks Bacteraemia is presumed Treatment usually pointless
33
Sarcocytosis
Sheep Affects any age but more common in lambs BAR, hindlimb ataxia and paresis, sometimes seizure and death Caused by Sarcocystis spp (other hosts are dogs/foxes) Poor/guarded prognosis Supportive treatment
34
Wobbler syndrome/compressive cervical myelopathy
Ataxia, toe-scuffing, tetraparesis, progressing to tetraplegia Texels and Beltexs Fibrous/fatty nodules within the cervical spinal canal Hopeless prognosis
35
Spinal trauma
Most common in rams and dairy cattle Anti-inflammatories, rest, or euthanasia
36
Cauda-equina syndrome
Tail paralysis, inability to urinate, dilated bladder, passive release of urine, reduce anal tone, absent perineal reflex Usually due to tail head injury Anti-inflammatories, rest or euthanasia
37
Visna/CAE
Sheep: weight loss, unilateral hindlimb paresis and ataxia, progressing to general incoordination, HL paralysis, recumbency, death. Usually in older sheep in flocks heavily affected by Maedi Goats: Similar to sheep but in kids 1-6mo Lentiviruses No treatment - euthanise
38
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani Puncture wounds Prevent by vaccination Treat with high dose penicillin, anti-toxin, sedation Poor prognosis
39
Botulism
Stiffness, incoordination, ataxia, excitibility, salivation, nasal discharge, flaccid paralysis, poor tongue retraction, hyporeflexia, ruminal bloat, death Toxin interferes with release of ACh at NMJs Supportive care only, poor prognosis
40
Kangaroo gait
Sheep Weakness in forelimbs, hindlimbs preserve strength Seen in early-mid-lactation in ewes, usually with twin lambs Supportive care only, good prognosis once ewes recover
41
Peripheral nerve damage
Acute onset, weakness, reduced/absent reflexes, reduced muscle tone, reduced/absent sensation
42
Peroneal nerve damage
Hyperflexion of fetlock, overextension of hock, prolonged recumbency in cattle
43
Tibial nerve damage
Hyperflexion of hock, knuckling of fetlock Prolonged recumbency or injection into caudal thigh
44
Facial nerve damage
Facial paralysis May be damaged by ear infection or prolonged recumbency or trauma to the lateral aspect of the face Anti-inflammatories, supportive therapy Better prognosis as they can regrow
45
Closantel/rafoxanide overdose
Myelin swelling Most common sign is blindness, also tetraparesis and death
46
Levamisole toxicity (goats)
Anxiety, hyperaesthesia, increased urination and defaecation, tremors, staggering gait, convulsions
47
Organophosphate toxicity
Restlessness, ptyalism, dyspnoea, tremors, increased frequency of urination and defaecation, bloat, head pressing, intermittent convulsions, paresis, recumbency
48
Lead poisoning
Depression, incoordination, hyperexcitability, blindness, convulsions, vocalisations, constipations
49
Salt poisoning
Tremors, blindness, nystagmus, weakness, weakness, incoordination, head pressing, opisthonotus, convulsions, coma. Common in pigs
50
Mercury (chronic) poisoning
Anorexia, ataxia, blindness, convulsions, paresis
51
Urea poisoning
Salivation, bloating, weakness, staggering, muscle twitching, convulsions
52
Organochlorines poisoning
Fasciculation's of the head and neck, spasms, bruxism, snapping of eyelids, bloat, incoordination, aimless wandering/circling, convulsions, coma
53
Bitter lupin poisoning
Medulla and spinal cord excitation followed by depression, prostration, decreased HR and BP, pupillary dilation

Small ruminants (14 decks)

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