Respiratory and ENT infections Flashcards
What are the 6 common infections associated with respiratory/ ENT infections?
Infections
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Rhinosinusitis
Odontogenic rhinosinusitis
Tooth pain
Describe the “infections” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Viral infection
• Caused by rhinovirus (common cold), influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus
• Rhino virus is most common and contagious
2. Bacterial infection Bacterial infection (Staphylococcus aureus)
What are signs and symptoms of “infections” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Runny nose
- Nasopharyngeal soreness
- Sore throat
- Laryngotracheitis
Describe the “sinusitis” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses
* Can be caused by a bacterial infection or allergies
What are signs and symptoms of “sinusitis” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
List associated bacteria
- Headache on wakening, pain worse on tilting the head or lying down,
- Nasal obstruction with discharge
Associated bacteria
• Acute: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (this is a bacteria)
• Chronic: anaerobes (ie Porphyromonas)
Describe the “otitis media” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- An infection behind the ear drum which can be caused by bacteria and/or viruses
- Occurs when infection travels up the throat and into the middle ear
What are signs and symptoms of “otitis media” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Fever
- Runny orifices
- Painful and worse when lying down
- Pus/ blood leaking from ear
- Diminished hearing due to fluid
Describe the “rhinosinusitis” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Defined as inflammation of the sinuses and nasal cavity
* Causes: colds, allergies, being exposed to second hand smoke, swimming in chlorinated pools, dental infections etc
What are signs and symptoms of “rhinosinusitis” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Facial pain, pressure
- Nasal obstruction
- Postnasal discharge
- Hyposmia/anosmia (can’t smell)
- Fever in acute rhinosinusitis
- Headache
- Cough
Describe the “odontogenic rhinosinusitis” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Is an inflammatory condition of the paranasalsinusesthat is the result of dental pathology: infections ofmaxillarydentition, ormaxillarydental trauma
- The root of the 6 and 7 are very close to the maxillary sinus, separated by a very thin wall of bone
- OPG or CBCT evaluation prior to operation
Causes
• Iatrogenic: Surgical tooth extraction, implant placement
• Dental abscesses, periodontal disease
What are signs and symptoms of “odontogenic rhinosinusitis” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Unilateral nasal discharge
- Unilateral anterior maxillary tenderness
- Rhinorrhoea (runny nose)
- Foul odour and taste
- Headaches
Describe the “tooth pains” associated with respiratory/ ENT system.
- Commonly maxillary posterior teeth because of maxillary sinus
- Correct diagnosis is essential: rule out sinusitis as a source of the toothache before proceeding with definitive dental treatment
- Consider other signs and symptoms of sinusitis
- History taking and examination
Discuss the airway obstruction and dental considerations of child trauma with fractured crown
Fractured crown
• Most objects enter GI tract as epiglottis seals trachea
• Complete obstruction: Choking, distress, inability to speak or cough
• Partial obstruction: Coughing, gagging, throat clearing
• Tend to lodge the right bronchus: because the bronchus is smaller and angled more horizontally so foreign bodies can travel to the right lungs
Review the pathophysiological process of hypersensitivity using allergic rhinitis as an example
- Occurs when the immune system overreacts toallergensin the air
- Allergen: IgE, mast cells and basophils and histamines
- Allergen will bind to IgE antibodies on the mast cells. This activates the mast cell, causing it release histamine
- Histamine causes vasodilation (swelling) and excess mucous production
- Signs and symptoms include a runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, red, itchy, and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes. Fluid from nose is usually clear
How do you treat rhinitis?
- Antihistamines
- Decongestant
- Anticholinergics
- Leukotriene modifiers
- Steroids
