Respiratory Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
WWhat is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?
Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs. Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Why do cells require oxygen?
Cells use oxygen to break down glucose and other nutrients to produce energy as ATP
What does the upper respiratory tract include?
Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
What does the lower respiratory tract include?
Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
What are the bones of the thorax and abdomen?
Spine and rib cage (sternum & ribs)
What are the muscles of the thorax and abdomen?
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
- Internal intercostals
- Sternocleidomastoids
- Scalenes
- Abdominal muscles
What muscles of the thorax and abdomen are used for inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, external intercostals and diaphragm
What muscles of the thorax and abdomen are used for expiration?
Internal intercostals, and abdominal muscles
Which lung (left or right) has a cardiac notch?
left
T or F
Both lungs (left and right) are composed of three lobes (the superior, middle and inferior).
F
Only the right side, The left side is composed of 2, a superior and inferior lobe.
Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
In the alveoli
Trachea and bronchi are surrounded by
rings of …
cartilage
T or F
Cartilage holds the airways open
T
What are the trachea and bronchi important for?
filtering, warming and
humidifying the air
Bronchioles are surrounded by …
smooth muscle
T or F
The bronchioles can constrict and dilate
T
Airway … purifies inspired air
epithelium
Epithelial cells lining the airways and submucosal glands secrete … and …
saline
mucus
… move the mucus layer toward the pharynx, removing trapped pathogens and particulate matter.
Cilia
Type … alveolar cells produce …
II
surfactant
Type … alveolar cells are involved in gas exchange
I
Gas exchange is optimised by what factors?
- Moist surface (gases dissolve in fluid
before exchange) - Factors affecting diffusion rate:
- Short diffusion distance
- Large surface area
… prevents alveoli from collapsing
Surfactant
What two factors keep the lungs inflated?
- Surfactant
- Pleural membranes
T or F
Larger alveoli produce more alveloi than smaller alveoli
F
vice versa
Smaller alveoli have a greater tendency to
collapse than larger alveoli due to larger
inward pressure
… enclose the lungs
Pleural sacs
Pleural sacs are full of …
pleural fluid
What purpose do the pleural sacs provide for the lungs?
- Lowers friction between
membranes - “Sticks” lungs to the thoracic wall with surface tension -> holds lungs open
T or F
The pleural cavity has a higher pressure than
the atmosphere
F
lower
