Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOM1052 > Heart Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Heart Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

T or F
Blood pressure is highest in the aorta

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The steepest drop in blood pressure happens in the ….

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The source of the pressure in the arteries comes from their proximity to the …

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Arterial blood pressure is determined by what two factors?

A
  • Elasticity of the arteries close to the heart
  • Volume of blood forced into the arteries at any time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F
Blood pressure near the heart is pulsatile

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is systolic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted in the aorta during ventricular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Rhythmical throbbing of the arteries caused by the heart propelling blood through them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the lowest lvl of aortic pressure when the heart is at rest called?

A

Diastolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between diastolic and systolic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T or F
The heart spends more time in systole than diastole

A

F
It spends more time in diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Mean arterial pressure is calculated by adding … to …

A

pulse pressure to 1/3 pulse pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What two types of controls can regulate blood pressure in the short-term?

A

Neural and hormonal controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What type of control can regulate blood pressure in the long-term?

A

renal controls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What factors increase peripheral resistance?

A
  • Increased blood viscosity (doesn’t change in healthy individuals)
  • Increased blood vessel length (can’t be changed)
  • Decreased diameter of blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What factors increase cardiac output?

A
  • Increased stroke volume
  • Increased heart rate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What two factors increase mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A
  • Increased cardiac output
  • Increased peripheral resistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

T or F
Blood viscosity does not change in a healthy individual

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What type of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

mechanoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The medullary cardiovascular centre can be subdivided into what two sections?

A

cardiac and vasomotor centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

is a
double-walled sac containing
the heart and the roots of the
great vessels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardium?

A
  • maintains the hearts position
  • prevents heart from overfilling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The pericardial cavity is between the 2 …

A

serouslayers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The pericardium consists of what two serous layers?

A
  • parietal layer of serous pericardium
  • visceral layer of serous pericardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The … arteries are the arterial blood vessels which transport oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.

A

coronary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T or F
The right ventricle is thicker than the left

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

T or F
There is no connection
between any of the heart
chambers other than via the heart valves.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have a bicuspid valve?

A

A bicuspid valve works better on the high pressure side
because with only two sides to the valve, the muscles and ligaments are able to
spring back from the high pressure on the left side of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent … or … of these valves during … contraction.

A

nversion or prolapse
ventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The semilunar valves permit blood to be …., but prevent ….

A

forced into the arteries

backflow from
the arteries into the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

T or F
Semilunar valves don’t have papillary muscles

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Left Heart = … Circulation (high pressure)
Right Heart = … Circulation (low pressure)

A

Systemic
Pulmonary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

T or F
In the pulmonary circulation all the blood flows only through the lungs.

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

T or F
In systemic circulation O2 is low in the arteries and high in the veins

A

F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

T or F
In pulmonary circulation O2 is low in the arteries and high in the veins

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the role of the venules?

A

to collect blood from the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which component of the cardiovascular system am I?
I control resistance to flow, thus, the distribution of
flow to different organs and tissues.

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Define End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

Volume of blood in the ventricle IMMEDIATELY before contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define End systolic volume (ESV)

A

Volume of blood in the ventricle IMMEDIATELY after contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the formula for stroke volume?

A

Stroke volume = EDV - ESV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped out of each ventricle during a single contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Define cardiac output

A
  • Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does cardiac output indicate?

A

blood flow through peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output (CO) = Heart rate (beats/min) x stroke volume (ml/beat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Define preload?

A

Volume of blood received by the heart/amount of stretch during diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Define afterload?

A

Pressure or resistance the heart has overcome to eject blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

T or F
More stretch of the cardiac muscle = greater force of the cardiac contraction

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

T or F
Primary determinant of preload = left ventricular end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

T or F
Greater the ESV, greater the cardiac contraction

A

F
EDV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

WHat is the Main determinant of afterload?

A

resistance in the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Define venous return?

A

The volume of blood returning back to the heart each minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

T or F
Increased venous return increases EDV

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

T or F
Venous return causes heart muscle to stretch

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

T or F
As cardiac muscle stretches, the next contraction will be weaker

A

F
stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the Frank-Starling law of the heart?

A

The greater the end diastolic volume, the greater the force of
contraction during systole (within limits!). Stretching the cardiac muscle cells produces a more optimum overlap between
thick & thin filaments, leading to a stronger contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

T or F
Parasympathetic stimulation enhances the
contractile strength of the heart

A

F
sympathetic

Parasympathetic nervous system does not extensively innervate the ventricles
and has minimal effect on stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

T or F
Sympathetic activity doesn’t directly effect EDV

A

T
It effects EDV by increasing venous return

57
Q

The action of …. prevents the backflow of blood when veins bring blood to the heart

A

venous valves

58
Q

Increased stroke volume and heart rate leads to an increase in…

A

Cardiac output

59
Q

Heart failure is defined as…

A

failure of the heart muscle to eject blood either due to a stiff heart (trouble filling in diastole) and/or a weak heart muscle (trouble pumping blood
during systole).

60
Q

Explain sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure

A

Sympathetic nerve activity increases in heart failure to increase muscle
contraction and to preserve cardiac output. In the short term, this can improve
cardiac function to an extent.
In the long run, chronic overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system injures
the cardiac muscle, further reducing cardiac function contributing to heart failure.

61
Q

The heart what 2 types of cells?

A

contractile and non-contractile

62
Q

T or F
Almost all of the cardiac cells are non-contractile cardiac muscle cells

A

F
contractile

63
Q

T or F
Pacemaker cells are non-contractile cells

A

T

64
Q

T or F
Pacemaker cells can spontaneously depolarize without any neural input

A

T

65
Q

Contractile cells are …% responsible for contraction

A

99

66
Q

… cells generate action potentials that drive contractile cells

A

Autorhythmic/Pacemaker

67
Q

Contractile cells are composed of many …

A

tubular myofibrils

68
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Myofibrils are repeating sections of sarcomeres which are contractile units with actin
and myosin.

69
Q

… account for 25-35%of volume of cardiac cells

A

Mitochondria

70
Q

What is the contractile unit of the heart?

A

Myofibrils

71
Q

The myofibrils are made up of thick and thin …

A

myofilaments

72
Q

What is an Intercalated disk?

A

A junction between cardiac cells

73
Q

Match the following:
A. Desmosomes
B. Gap Junctions
C. Intercalated disk

  1. Tunnels connecting cells and allows the passage of ions and transmission of action potentials
  2. Mechanical anchors
  3. Junction between cardiac cells
A

B1, A2 C3

74
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum: releases … in response to action potentials

A

calcium

75
Q

The presence of calcium allows … and … to bind contracting the cells

A

actin and myosin

76
Q

Heart cells are electronically joined
together by …

A

gap junctions

77
Q

Gap junctions tie …. cells together to form a functional unit.

A

cardiac muscle

78
Q

Contraction of all …. ensures effective pumping by the heart

A

cardiac myocytes

79
Q

What am I called?
I am the the process whereby an electrical stimulus is converted to a mechanical response.

A

Excitation contraction coupling

80
Q

How does an action potential lead to heart muscle contraction in contractile cells?

A

– Action potential travels down T tubules; causes sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
to release Ca2+
– Ca2+ leads to binding of actin and myosin filaments
leading to contraction of the cardiomyocyte.

aka excitation contraction coupling

81
Q

Cardiac pacemaker cells are mainly located in
the ….

A

sinoatrial node

82
Q

T or F
PACEMAKER CELLs generate action potentials spontaneously

A

T

83
Q

T or F
Pacemaker cells “Resting” membrane potential is stable

A

F
not stable
drifts slowly toward threshold for action potential

84
Q

Why do pacemaker cells undergo slow depolarisation?

A

gradual closure of K+ channels together with inward leak of Na+ and Ca2+

85
Q

What is the sino-atrial node?

A

A small group of cells in right atrium near entry of superior vena cava

86
Q

T or F
SA node cells have the fastest inherent rhythm

A

T

87
Q

T or F
conducting tissues in the heart are not nerves

A

T

88
Q

The cardiac conduction system consists of what autorhythmic cells?

A

– Sinoatrial node (SA node)
– Atrioventricular node (AV node)
– AV bundle
– Bundle branches
– Purkinje fibres

89
Q

Spread of excitation through the heart must
meet 3 criteria:

A
  1. Each heart chamber must pump as a unit
  2. Atria should contract together; ventricles should
    contract together
  3. Atrial excitation & contraction must complete
    before ventricular contraction
90
Q

Name the primary, secondary and tertiary pacemakers of the heart

A

Sino-atrial node
Atrioventricular node
Purkinje fibres

91
Q

Impulse is delayed at the AV node to ensure…

A

contraction of the atria is completed prior
to contraction of ventricles.
Important for co-ordinated contraction activity in the heart.

92
Q

T or F
Cardiac cells are mechanically coupled to one another

A

F
electrically

93
Q

The Pacemaker with the …. will drive the whole heart under normal circumstances.

A

fastest rhythm

94
Q

What isolates the atria from the
ventricles.?

A

Fibrous skeleton of the heart

95
Q

T or F
AV node and Bundle of His are the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles.

A

T

96
Q

T or F
Propogation through the AV node is fast

A

F
Slow
Introduces a delay, allowing contraction of the atria to finish before
the ventricles contract.

97
Q

T or F
Conduction along the Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres is fast

A

T

98
Q

Ventricular contraction ‘commences’ at the …

A

apex

99
Q

What prevents action potentials from travelling directly from atria to ventricles?

A

directly
from atria to ventricles

100
Q

T or F
Action potentials must travel through the AV node to reach
ventricles

A

T

101
Q

T or F
Cardiac action potentials are different to neural/skeletal muscle action potentials

A

T

101
Q

What are the two roles of the plateau phase?

A

1) Increases the length of muscle contraction for optimal chamber emptying
2) Increases the refractory period to avoid tetanus

102
Q

T or F
The heart is innervated by
sympathetic and
parasympathetic neurons

A

T

103
Q

The … nervous system can change the rate of
depolarisation in the SA node

A

autonomic

104
Q

T or F
When is heart rate slower than SA node speed?

A

When the parasympathetic nervous system is in effect

105
Q

How does the PNS decrease HR?

A

– Opens K+ channels
– Causes hyperpolarisation, so increases time to reach
threshold
– Slower depolarisation

106
Q

How does the SNS increase HR?

A

– Opens Na+ channels
– Causes rapid depolarisation

107
Q

Which hormone sympathetically stimulates the SA node?

A

Noradrenaline (adrenaline)

108
Q

Which neurotransmitter parasympathetically stimulates the SA node?

A

Acetylcholine (vagus nerve)

109
Q

An Electrocardiograph can detect…

A

electrical currents generated by heart

110
Q

On an ECG what does a P wave represent?

A

Atrial
depolarization

111
Q

On an ECG what does a QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular
depolarization

112
Q

On an ECG what does a T wave represent?

A

Ventricular
repolarization

113
Q

On an ECG what does the section between the P and Q waves represent?

A

With atrial depolarization complete,
the impulse is delayed at the AV node

114
Q

T or F
Blood always flows from a region of low pressure to higher pressure.

A

F
vice versa

115
Q

T or F
Heart valves are either open or shut depending on the relative
pressures on either side of the valve.

A

T

116
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure is determined by two factors:

A

1) The Cardiac Output (CO), and
2) The Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

117
Q

How do you calculate mean arteriole pressure?

A

Cardiac Output x Total peripheral resistance

118
Q

changes in TPR are mainly brought about by changes in…

A

the state of constriction or dilation of arterioles.

119
Q

Define systolic pressure

A

pressure
exerted in aorta during ventricular
contraction

120
Q

Define diastolic pressure

A

lowest level of
aortic pressure when heart is at rest

121
Q

Define pulse pressure

A

difference between
systolic and diastolic pressure

122
Q

T or F
Flow is nonpulsatile with a
steady MAP pressure

A

T

123
Q

T or F
Pulse pressure and MAP both increase with increasing distance
from heart

A

F
decrease

124
Q

T or F
Korotkov sounds are distinct from heart sounds associated with valve closure

A

T

125
Q

Two main neural mechanisms control peripheral resistance:

A
  1. MAP is maintained by altering blood vessel diameter,
    which alters resistance
    * Example: If blood volume drops, all vessels constrict
    (except those to heart and brain)
  2. Can alter blood distribution to organs in response to
    specific demands
126
Q

Short-term control of MAP mainly occurs via the ….

A

baroreceptor reflex

127
Q

Long-term control of MAP mainly occurs via ….

A

a regulation of blood volume

128
Q

The pressure detectors of the cardiovascular system are the ….

A

ARTERIAL
BARORECEPTORS

129
Q

The MEDULLARY
CARDIOVASCULAR
CENTRE controls the HEART ARTERIOLES
VEINS via the…

A

efferent nerves of the ANS

130
Q

…. monitor blood flow to the brain

A

Carotid sinuses

131
Q

The …. monitors blood flow to systemic circulation

A

Aortic arch

132
Q

Where are Arterial Baroreceptors located?

A

Located in aortic arch and carotid sinus

133
Q

Why is Rate of action potential firing
proportional to arterial pressure?

A

 if pressure rises rate of
baroreceptor firing increases
 if pressure falls rate of
baroreceptor firing decreases

134
Q

Increased blood pressure
stimulates baroreceptors to increase input to the ….

A

vasomotor center

135
Q

What actions does the vasomotor centre perform when stimulated by barororeceptors?

A
  • Inhibits vasomotor and
    cardioacceleratory centers
  • Stimulates cardioinhibitory
    center
136
Q

The Medullary Cardiovascular Centres can be sibdivided into…

A

Cardiac Centre (controls the heart)
and a
 Vasomotor Centre (controls blood vessels – arterioles & veins)

137
Q

Where are the Medullary Cardiovascular Centres located?

A

in the medulla oblongata

138
Q
A

BIOM1052 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions