Respiratory Anatomy-Handout 1 Flashcards
What is respiration
combination of processes lead to oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange b/w air and body cells
What are the four processes of external respiration
- ventilation (inspiration/expiration)
- oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange b/w lungs and blood
- transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood
- exchange of gas b/w blood and cells in the body
What happens in exchange one of external respiration
exchange b/w atmosphere andl ugns
what happens in exchange two of external respiration
exchange b/w lung and blood
What is step three of external respiration
transport of gases in the blood
What happens in exchange III of external respiration
exchange between blood and cells
How does the respiratory system assist the arterial blood
it keeps the oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure constant in the arterial blood
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood
100 mmHg
What is the partial pressure carbon dioxide
40 mmHg
What are other important functions associated with respiratory center/system
regulation of blood pH olfaction vocalization coughing expectoration swallowing
What are the important structures of the upper respiratory tract. Hint 3 structure
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
What are the important structures of the lower respiratory tract
bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
What are the three major portions/anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract
conduction portion (anatomical dead space) respiratory/ gas exchange zone
What is the connection between microbes and respiratory tract
different microbes infest the upper and lower tract
Where is the trachea located
its between the larynx and the bronchi (not exactly upper or lower respiratory tract)
What structure is distal to the terminal bronchiole
pulmonary acinus
what does the pulmonary acinus include
the alveolar ducts and alveoli
What is the alveolar ducts
tiny duct that connect the respiratory bronchiole to the alveolar sac, each with a bunch of alveoli (the balls)
What are alveoli
an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity; terminal ends of the respiratory tree; gas exchange surface
How does gas exchange occur in lungs
via simple diffusion
What is the average total volume of lungs
5 to 6 liters
What are the functions of the conducting zone
air cleaning, moistening, and warming
controls airway resistance
vocalization
vacuum generation (suckling)
What happens to the air as if moves through conduction zone
no gas exchange simply conducted
What is the average total volume of the anatomical dead space
150 mL
What are the upper airway narrowing and obstructive diseases
obstructive sleep
apnea (pharynx)
croup (larynx)
ludwigs angina
What is obstructive sleep
an upper airway/obstructive disease- the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airways, it is characterized by repetitive stop in breathing during sleep, 20-40 sec
What is apnea
a term for suspension of external breathing; there is no movement of the muscles for respiration and the volume of the lungs initally remains unchanged
What is croup and where does it occur
it occurs in the larynx; and is a respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection leading to swelling inside the throat which interferes with normal breathing
what are the lower airway disease
asthma
bronchitis
and pulmonary emphysema
What is ludwigs angina
look up
What are the air entrances of the nasal cavity
the external nares; or nostrils
How does air exit the nasal cavity
the air exits through the internal nares or (choanes) and into the pharynx
What is the function of the nasal cavity
air filtration, warming and moistening
reservoir for the excess of tears
What lines the upper airways but is not found in the oral mucosa
lined by the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What is the function of nasal cochae or turbinates
they are ridges that create turbulence increasing the surface for air filtration, warming and moistening
what are adenoids
mass of lymphoid tissue in children
Where are adenoids located
pharyngeal tonsils
What happens to the adenoids as a person grows up
the tonsils regress during and after puberty
What are the tonsil in danger of obstructing and why does this happen
the tonsils may obstruct auditory or eustachian tube and cause middle ear infection
also the can obstruct the airflow from nasal cavity into pharync
the reason is because of hypertrophy of tonsils
what is hypertrophy
look up
What two structures does the eustachian tube connect
the middle ear and the nasopharynx
What is acute otitis media
the medical term for middle ear infection; blockage of the eustachian tube; usually due to swelling of the mucous membrane in nasopharynx, which in turn can be caused by a viral respiratory infection or allergies
What are the signs and symptoms of middle ear inflammation and effusion (fluid and muc
-air fluid behind tympanic membrane
-bulging and ERYTHEMA of the tympanic membrane
-limited/ no mobility of tympanic membran
otorrhea-flowing discharge from ear
otalgia-ear ache and pain
What is otorrhea
flowing discharge from the ear
What is otalgia
ear ache or pain
What is adenoid face and what causes it
also know as long face syndrome it is mouth breathing because of obstruction in nasopharynx
How do children normally breath
most children are obligatory nose breathers
What are some characteristics of adenoid face
open mouth small nostrils short upper lip thick pouting lower lip dental abnormalities
How big is the pharynx, define it, how is divided up
the pharynx is commonly known as the throat its a 13cm passage and is divided into the: - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx
What are two types of infections of the pharynx and larynx
pharyngitis
laryngitis
What is the larynx
its the voice box, its 5cm passage
joins the trachea. separates the respiratory and gastrointesintal tract
its made of 3 paired and 3 single cartilages
What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
circoid cartilage
Where is food and air separated
in the larynx
How does is food prevented from entering the lower airways
the epiglottis closes the vocal cords and stops the entrance of food into lower airways through the glottis
What is epiglottitis and which famous historical figure did it kill
its the inflammation of the epiglottis- killed G. Washington
Identify the key feature of alveolar structure:
- capillary
- elastic fibers
- type I alveolar cells for gas exchange
- endothlial cell of capillary
- type II alveolar cell (surfactant cell)-synthesizes surfactant
- alveolar macrophage-ingest foreign material
See figure
What is the onset of epiglottis characterized by
acute and fulminating sore throat (develops suddenly and severely)
hoarseness, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
shortness of breath w/ drooling
rapid pulse
inspiratory stridor (harsh high pitched sound while patient is inhaling)
obstruction of the patients airway-painful and frightening death
What can be done to open airway
a tracheotomy or tracheostomy (if intubation is not possible)
what is a tracheotomy
Among the oldest described surgical procedures, tracheotomy (tray-kee-Awt-o-mee), also known as tracheostomy, consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe). The resulting stoma (hole) can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheostomy tube to be inserted; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of his or her nose or mouth. Both surgical and percutaneous techniques are widely used in current surgical practice.
What is a tracheostomy
Tracheostomy (tray-key-OS-tuh-me) is a surgically created hole through the front of your neck and into your windpipe (trachea). The term for the surgical procedure to create this opening is tracheotomy.
What can location can be used for a tracheotomy
the cricothyroid ligament; cicothyrotomy-emergency airway puncture.
What are upper respiratory infections
rhinitis
nasopharyngitis
pharyngitis
laryngitis
What is rhinitis
inflammation of the nasal mucosa
What is nasopharyngitis (rhinopharyngitis)
inflammation of the nares, pharynx, uvula, and tonsils
What is pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx, uvula, and tonsils
What is laryngitis
inflammation of larynx
What is are upper respiratory track infections usually seen in
common cold, most are caused by viruses
What are the most dangerous type of upper respiratory infections
those caused by bacterial infections (around 10%)
What is epiglottitis (supraglottitis)
inflammation of the superior portion of the larynx
What is rhinosinusitis or sinusitis
inflammation of the nares and para-nasal sinuses including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and spehenoid
What is included in the lower airways
the trachea and bronchial trea
What is the trachea
the tube from the cricoid cartilage to bronchi supported by c-shaped pieces of hyaline
What is the point of trachea division
carina
Identify this anatomy: larynx trachea left primary bronchus secondary bronchus bronchiole alveoli
see figure.
In what way the trachea similar to the upper airways
it also lined with cilicated psuedotrastified columnar epithelium
How many branches does the trachea turn into
it branches into two primary bronchi
Describe what happens to the bronchus as you travel down its length
the primary bronchus divides 22 more times, terminating in a cluster of alveoli
What are the division of the bronchi
bronchi (main primary)-left is longer and smaller
secondary (lobar)- 3 right and 2 left
tertiary (segmental)- order of division three
What is difference between bronchioles and bronchi
lack cartilage, submucosal glands and goblet cell- lined with ciliated sIMPLE columnar epithelial
What is notable about the airway as it becomes smaller
reduction of carilage
mucus secreting goblet cells and submucosal glands
lower number of ciliated cells
Use the diagram to determine how mucus is moved
see figure
Describe the fate of drugs administered by aerosal canister
50% ends up in the mouth
less than 10% in the lungs
and more than 90 percent is swallowed
Explain the muscociliary escalator
it covers most of the bronchi, bronchioles, and nose; it is composed of basic parts
- the muscus-producing goblet cells
- the ciliated epithelium
the cilia are continuously beating pushing mucus up and out into the throat; major barrier to infection
What to the cilila do
they propel bacteria, dust and other debris trapped in mucus into the pharynx for swallowing
What things inhibit coordinated cilliary beating and increase mucus secretion
smoking, drugs, excessive cold or heat pollutants and tracheotomy
What serious issue can be caused by exposure to polluted air
damaged lungs
What can deposition of dust in the lungs, as commonly see with miners and dental workers lead to
restrictive lung disease-fibrosis (scaring)
restrictive lung diseases stop lung expansion, resulting in a decreased lung volume, increased work of breathing, and inadequate venilation and or oxygenation normal lung tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue interspersed with pockets of air
What is ciliostasis can what can it lead to
ciliostasis is when 0% of cilia are active; it can lead to bacterial colonization accumulation of mucus and obstruction of airflow
What are mucolytics and what do they do
mucolytics are class of drugs which aid in the clearance of mucus; can increas expectoration of sputum by reducing its viscosity or secretion
Identify these terminal bronchioles and respiratory zone
-terminal bronchiole bronchial artery, nerve and vein respiratory bronchiole branch of pulmonary vien capillary beds visceral pleura parietal pleura branch of pulmonary artery smooth muscle elastic fibers (recoil) lymphatic vessel alveoli septa (connective tissue)
Identify these portions of the exchange surface of alveoli
capillary:
alveolar epithelium
nucleus of endothelial cell
alveolus:
fused basement membranes
alveolar air space
surfactant
the arrow of gas exchange b/w alveolar air space and the plasma
What the amount of blood supply from pulmonary flow
the blood flow via pulmonary arteries is about 98-99%
What is the amount of blood supply from the bronchiole arteries
its about 1-2%
What is venous admixture
some bronchial vessels drain into the pulmonary vein decreasing oxygenation
What is the external anatomy of the lungs
apex superior lobe middle lobe inferior lobe base
How many lobes does the right lung have?
three
How many lobes does the left lung have
the left lung has two lobes
Describe a sectional view of the chest
each lung is enclosed in two pleural membranes; the esophagus and aorta pass through the thorax between the pleural sacs.
which nerves intervate the diaphragm
the phrenic nerves
What are the accessory muscles used for inspiration
- scalene
- sternomastoids
- pectoralis major
Determine which one is active or passive inspiration vs. expiration
inspiration (active)
expiration (passive)
What does the diaphragm assist with
plays a major role in quiet breathing
What are the primary muscles used for inspiration
external intercostal muscles (supplied by intercostal nerves)
scalenes
What are muscles of expiration
rectus abdominus
internal and external oblique
transverse absominus
forces the abdominal contents up; only forceful expiration
What muscle is used during a cough
pectoralis major contributes to expulsion of air in a cough
