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Physiology Test 4 > Respiratory Anatomy-Handout 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy-Handout 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration

A

combination of processes lead to oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange b/w air and body cells

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2
Q

What are the four processes of external respiration

A
  1. ventilation (inspiration/expiration)
  2. oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange b/w lungs and blood
  3. transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by blood
  4. exchange of gas b/w blood and cells in the body
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3
Q

What happens in exchange one of external respiration

A

exchange b/w atmosphere andl ugns

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4
Q

what happens in exchange two of external respiration

A

exchange b/w lung and blood

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5
Q

What is step three of external respiration

A

transport of gases in the blood

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6
Q

What happens in exchange III of external respiration

A

exchange between blood and cells

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7
Q

How does the respiratory system assist the arterial blood

A

it keeps the oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure constant in the arterial blood

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8
Q

What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood

A

100 mmHg

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9
Q

What is the partial pressure carbon dioxide

A

40 mmHg

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10
Q

What are other important functions associated with respiratory center/system

A 
regulation of blood pH
olfaction 
vocalization 
coughing 
expectoration 
swallowing
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11
Q

What are the important structures of the upper respiratory tract. Hint 3 structure

A

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx

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12
Q

What are the important structures of the lower respiratory tract

A

bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

What are the three major portions/anatomical divisions of the respiratory tract

A 
conduction portion (anatomical dead space) 
respiratory/ gas exchange zone
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14
Q

What is the connection between microbes and respiratory tract

A

different microbes infest the upper and lower tract

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15
Q

Where is the trachea located

A

its between the larynx and the bronchi (not exactly upper or lower respiratory tract)

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16
Q

What structure is distal to the terminal bronchiole

A

pulmonary acinus

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17
Q

what does the pulmonary acinus include

A

the alveolar ducts and alveoli

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18
Q

What is the alveolar ducts

A

tiny duct that connect the respiratory bronchiole to the alveolar sac, each with a bunch of alveoli (the balls)

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19
Q

What are alveoli

A

an anatomical structure that has the form of a hollow cavity; terminal ends of the respiratory tree; gas exchange surface

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20
Q

How does gas exchange occur in lungs

A

via simple diffusion

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21
Q

What is the average total volume of lungs

A

5 to 6 liters

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22
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone

A

air cleaning, moistening, and warming
controls airway resistance
vocalization
vacuum generation (suckling)

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23
Q

What happens to the air as if moves through conduction zone

A

no gas exchange simply conducted

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24
Q

What is the average total volume of the anatomical dead space

A

150 mL

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25
Q

What are the upper airway narrowing and obstructive diseases

A

obstructive sleep
apnea (pharynx)
croup (larynx)
ludwigs angina

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26
Q

What is obstructive sleep

A

an upper airway/obstructive disease- the most common type of sleep apnea and is caused by obstruction of the upper airways, it is characterized by repetitive stop in breathing during sleep, 20-40 sec

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27
Q

What is apnea

A

a term for suspension of external breathing; there is no movement of the muscles for respiration and the volume of the lungs initally remains unchanged

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28
Q

What is croup and where does it occur

A

it occurs in the larynx; and is a respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection leading to swelling inside the throat which interferes with normal breathing

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29
Q

what are the lower airway disease

A

asthma
bronchitis
and pulmonary emphysema

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30
Q

What is ludwigs angina

A

look up

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31
Q

What are the air entrances of the nasal cavity

A

the external nares; or nostrils

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32
Q

How does air exit the nasal cavity

A

the air exits through the internal nares or (choanes) and into the pharynx

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33
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavity

A

air filtration, warming and moistening

reservoir for the excess of tears

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34
Q

What lines the upper airways but is not found in the oral mucosa

A

lined by the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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35
Q

What is the function of nasal cochae or turbinates

A

they are ridges that create turbulence increasing the surface for air filtration, warming and moistening

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36
Q

what are adenoids

A

mass of lymphoid tissue in children

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37
Q

Where are adenoids located

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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38
Q

What happens to the adenoids as a person grows up

A

the tonsils regress during and after puberty

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39
Q

What are the tonsil in danger of obstructing and why does this happen

A

the tonsils may obstruct auditory or eustachian tube and cause middle ear infection

also the can obstruct the airflow from nasal cavity into pharync

the reason is because of hypertrophy of tonsils

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40
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

look up

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41
Q

What two structures does the eustachian tube connect

A

the middle ear and the nasopharynx

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42
Q

What is acute otitis media

A

the medical term for middle ear infection; blockage of the eustachian tube; usually due to swelling of the mucous membrane in nasopharynx, which in turn can be caused by a viral respiratory infection or allergies

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43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of middle ear inflammation and effusion (fluid and muc

A

-air fluid behind tympanic membrane
-bulging and ERYTHEMA of the tympanic membrane
-limited/ no mobility of tympanic membran
otorrhea-flowing discharge from ear
otalgia-ear ache and pain

44
Q

What is otorrhea

A

flowing discharge from the ear

45
Q

What is otalgia

A

ear ache or pain

46
Q

What is adenoid face and what causes it

A

also know as long face syndrome it is mouth breathing because of obstruction in nasopharynx

47
Q

How do children normally breath

A

most children are obligatory nose breathers

48
Q

What are some characteristics of adenoid face

A 
open mouth
small nostrils 
short upper lip 
thick pouting lower lip 
dental abnormalities
49
Q

How big is the pharynx, define it, how is divided up

A 
the pharynx is commonly known as the throat 
its a 13cm passage 
and is divided into the:
- nasopharynx 
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
50
Q

What are two types of infections of the pharynx and larynx

A

pharyngitis

laryngitis

51
Q

What is the larynx

A

its the voice box, its 5cm passage
joins the trachea. separates the respiratory and gastrointesintal tract
its made of 3 paired and 3 single cartilages

52
Q

What are the three unpaired cartilages of the larynx

A

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
circoid cartilage

53
Q

Where is food and air separated

A

in the larynx

54
Q

How does is food prevented from entering the lower airways

A

the epiglottis closes the vocal cords and stops the entrance of food into lower airways through the glottis

55
Q

What is epiglottitis and which famous historical figure did it kill

A

its the inflammation of the epiglottis- killed G. Washington

56
Q

Identify the key feature of alveolar structure:

  • capillary
  • elastic fibers
  • type I alveolar cells for gas exchange
  • endothlial cell of capillary
  • type II alveolar cell (surfactant cell)-synthesizes surfactant
  • alveolar macrophage-ingest foreign material
A

See figure

57
Q

What is the onset of epiglottis characterized by

A

acute and fulminating sore throat (develops suddenly and severely)
hoarseness, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
shortness of breath w/ drooling
rapid pulse
inspiratory stridor (harsh high pitched sound while patient is inhaling)
obstruction of the patients airway-painful and frightening death

58
Q

What can be done to open airway

A

a tracheotomy or tracheostomy (if intubation is not possible)

59
Q

what is a tracheotomy

A

Among the oldest described surgical procedures, tracheotomy (tray-kee-Awt-o-mee), also known as tracheostomy, consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea (windpipe). The resulting stoma (hole) can serve independently as an airway or as a site for a tracheostomy tube to be inserted; this tube allows a person to breathe without the use of his or her nose or mouth. Both surgical and percutaneous techniques are widely used in current surgical practice.

60
Q

What is a tracheostomy

A

Tracheostomy (tray-key-OS-tuh-me) is a surgically created hole through the front of your neck and into your windpipe (trachea). The term for the surgical procedure to create this opening is tracheotomy.

61
Q

What can location can be used for a tracheotomy

A

the cricothyroid ligament; cicothyrotomy-emergency airway puncture.

62
Q

What are upper respiratory infections

A

rhinitis
nasopharyngitis
pharyngitis
laryngitis

63
Q

What is rhinitis

A

inflammation of the nasal mucosa

64
Q

What is nasopharyngitis (rhinopharyngitis)

A

inflammation of the nares, pharynx, uvula, and tonsils

65
Q

What is pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx, uvula, and tonsils

66
Q

What is laryngitis

A

inflammation of larynx

67
Q

What is are upper respiratory track infections usually seen in

A

common cold, most are caused by viruses

68
Q

What are the most dangerous type of upper respiratory infections

A

those caused by bacterial infections (around 10%)

69
Q

What is epiglottitis (supraglottitis)

A

inflammation of the superior portion of the larynx

70
Q

What is rhinosinusitis or sinusitis

A

inflammation of the nares and para-nasal sinuses including frontal, ethmoid, maxillary and spehenoid

71
Q

What is included in the lower airways

A

the trachea and bronchial trea

72
Q

What is the trachea

A

the tube from the cricoid cartilage to bronchi supported by c-shaped pieces of hyaline

73
Q

What is the point of trachea division

A

carina

74
Q 
Identify this anatomy:
larynx 
trachea
left primary bronchus
secondary bronchus 
bronchiole
alveoli
A

see figure.

75
Q

In what way the trachea similar to the upper airways

A

it also lined with cilicated psuedotrastified columnar epithelium

76
Q

How many branches does the trachea turn into

A

it branches into two primary bronchi

77
Q

Describe what happens to the bronchus as you travel down its length

A

the primary bronchus divides 22 more times, terminating in a cluster of alveoli

78
Q

What are the division of the bronchi

A

bronchi (main primary)-left is longer and smaller

secondary (lobar)- 3 right and 2 left

tertiary (segmental)- order of division three

79
Q

What is difference between bronchioles and bronchi

A

lack cartilage, submucosal glands and goblet cell- lined with ciliated sIMPLE columnar epithelial

80
Q

What is notable about the airway as it becomes smaller

A

reduction of carilage
mucus secreting goblet cells and submucosal glands
lower number of ciliated cells

81
Q

Use the diagram to determine how mucus is moved

A

see figure

82
Q

Describe the fate of drugs administered by aerosal canister

A

50% ends up in the mouth
less than 10% in the lungs
and more than 90 percent is swallowed

83
Q

Explain the muscociliary escalator

A

it covers most of the bronchi, bronchioles, and nose; it is composed of basic parts

  1. the muscus-producing goblet cells
  2. the ciliated epithelium
    the cilia are continuously beating pushing mucus up and out into the throat; major barrier to infection
84
Q

What to the cilila do

A

they propel bacteria, dust and other debris trapped in mucus into the pharynx for swallowing

85
Q

What things inhibit coordinated cilliary beating and increase mucus secretion

A

smoking, drugs, excessive cold or heat pollutants and tracheotomy

86
Q

What serious issue can be caused by exposure to polluted air

A

damaged lungs

87
Q

What can deposition of dust in the lungs, as commonly see with miners and dental workers lead to

A

restrictive lung disease-fibrosis (scaring)
restrictive lung diseases stop lung expansion, resulting in a decreased lung volume, increased work of breathing, and inadequate venilation and or oxygenation normal lung tissue is gradually replaced by scar tissue interspersed with pockets of air

88
Q

What is ciliostasis can what can it lead to

A

ciliostasis is when 0% of cilia are active; it can lead to bacterial colonization accumulation of mucus and obstruction of airflow

89
Q

What are mucolytics and what do they do

A

mucolytics are class of drugs which aid in the clearance of mucus; can increas expectoration of sputum by reducing its viscosity or secretion

90
Q

Identify these terminal bronchioles and respiratory zone

A 
-terminal bronchiole 
bronchial artery, nerve and vein
respiratory bronchiole
branch of pulmonary vien 
capillary beds 
visceral pleura 
parietal pleura 
branch of pulmonary artery 
smooth muscle 
elastic fibers (recoil) 
lymphatic vessel 
alveoli 
septa (connective tissue)
91
Q

Identify these portions of the exchange surface of alveoli

A

capillary:
alveolar epithelium
nucleus of endothelial cell

alveolus:
fused basement membranes
alveolar air space
surfactant

the arrow of gas exchange b/w alveolar air space and the plasma

92
Q

What the amount of blood supply from pulmonary flow

A

the blood flow via pulmonary arteries is about 98-99%

93
Q

What is the amount of blood supply from the bronchiole arteries

A

its about 1-2%

94
Q

What is venous admixture

A

some bronchial vessels drain into the pulmonary vein decreasing oxygenation

95
Q

What is the external anatomy of the lungs

A 
apex 
superior lobe 
middle lobe 
inferior lobe 
base
96
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

three

97
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have

A

the left lung has two lobes

98
Q

Describe a sectional view of the chest

A

each lung is enclosed in two pleural membranes; the esophagus and aorta pass through the thorax between the pleural sacs.

99
Q

which nerves intervate the diaphragm

A

the phrenic nerves

100
Q

What are the accessory muscles used for inspiration

A
  • scalene
  • sternomastoids
  • pectoralis major
101
Q

Determine which one is active or passive inspiration vs. expiration

A

inspiration (active)

expiration (passive)

102
Q

What does the diaphragm assist with

A

plays a major role in quiet breathing

103
Q

What are the primary muscles used for inspiration

A

external intercostal muscles (supplied by intercostal nerves)
scalenes

104
Q

What are muscles of expiration

A

rectus abdominus
internal and external oblique
transverse absominus

forces the abdominal contents up; only forceful expiration

105
Q

What muscle is used during a cough

A

pectoralis major contributes to expulsion of air in a cough

Physiology Test 4 (6 decks)

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