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Physiology Test 4 > Lung volumes and mechanics > Flashcards

Lung volumes and mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is spirometry and how does it work

A

is a measurement of lung volumes by breathing air in and out using the spirometer (spirogram); when the subject inhales air moves into the lungs;the volume of the bell goes up and pen rises on the tracing

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2
Q

What is residual volume

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

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3
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume

A

the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position

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4
Q

What it tidal volume

A

that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)

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5
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level

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6
Q

What is the equation to determine the max volume of exhalation

A

vital capacity= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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7
Q

What is the equation to determine the lung volume at the end of exhalation

A

Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position

functional residual capacity= residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

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8
Q

Which capacities and volume can not be measured by spirometry

A

residual volume

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9
Q

What happens to tidal volume during exercise

A

it increases

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10
Q

How is contraction of respiratory muscles and pressure difference connected

A

the muscles create the gradients or pressure differences that create force for airflow in and out of alveoli

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11
Q

During quiet breathing what controls the air pressure

A

activity of the diaphragm

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12
Q

Explain the steps of the diaphragm changes during breathing

A

At rest, the diaphragm is relazed

Next, the diaphragm contracts and the thoracic volume increase

As the diaphragm relaxes, thoracic volume decreases

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13
Q

What are three air pressures important during breathing

A

atmospheric pressure
alveolar pressure
intrapleural pressure

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14
Q

What is atmospheric pressure

A

noted as P(atm) is the pressure outside the body

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15
Q

What is alveolar pressure

A

noted as P(alv) its the pressure inside alveoli

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16
Q

What is intraplural pressure

A

noted as P (ip) its the pressure inside the pleural cavity

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17
Q

What is normal sea level atmospheric pressure; but for these purposes what is it designated

A

normal absolute atm is 760 mmHh @ sea level

for this case it designated as 0 mmHg

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18
Q

What does static condition mean

A

there is no airflow and both atmospheric and alveolar pressure are 0 mmHg

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19
Q

What is intrapleural pressure (usually, give amount)

A

the intrapleural pressure is less than zero usually between -2 and -5mmHg but can become positive during forceful expiration

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20
Q

What is the alveolar pressure at the end of a quiet expiration or FRC

A

zero which is FRC

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21
Q

What is meant by translung pressure/ alveolar distending pressure

A

its the difference between alveolar and intraplural pressure; force that inflate the lungs

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22
Q

What is need to initiate airflow during inspiration

A

the pressure in the alveolar must be lower than the atmospheric pressure

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23
Q

What happens parietal pleura as the diaphragm contracts

A

the parietal pleura is pulled outward

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24
Q

What causes the intrapleural pressure to drop; and what law does this follow

A

the volume of the intrapleural goes up and the pressure goes down to -8mmHg

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25
Q

Explain Boyles law

A

it states that pressure multiplied by volume equals a constant; in other words volume and pressure are inversely proportional to each other as one increases the other decreases

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26
Q

What happens to collisions in Boyles law

A

decreasing volume increases collisions and increases pressure

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27
Q

How does the lowering intrapleural pressure impact chest expansion and what happens from there

A

after intrapleural pressure drops because of chest expansion, the visceral pleural is pulled out and this increases the alveolar volume and lowers the pressure in the alveoli to -1 mmHg

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28
Q

What causes the air to flow into lungs

A

the pressure in the alveoli is lower than the pressure in the atmosphere

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29
Q

Explain the respiratory cycle and pressure

A
  1. halfway through inspiration the pressure in alveoli is at lowest and airflow is at highest
  2. the end of inspiration, the airflow will stop because the pressure and atmosphere is equal 0 mmHg
  3. The pressure in intrapeural space is -8mmhg @ end of inspiration
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30
Q

What is translung pressure and how does it vary during breathing

A

its the difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure; it increases during inspiration

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31
Q

What causes expiration

A

the alveolar pressure must be higher than the atmospheric pressure

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32
Q

Why are force expiration done and what is used to complete them

A

to increase ventilation, needs muscle work and expiratory reserve volume is used

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33
Q

What drives air out of the lungs during quiet or passive expiration

A

recoil of alveolar elastic fibers and surface tension

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34
Q

What else can help with passive lung expiration

A

chest elastisity can also help with passive lung expiration

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35
Q

Define passive expiration and does this work

A

relaxation of inspiratory muscle cause a slight decrease in thoracic volume and increases intrapleural pressure from -8 to -5mmHg builds up the alveolar pressure to 1mmHg and air flows out

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36
Q

What is pneumothorax

A

collapsed lung; more air goes into plural cavity making the lung collapse

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37
Q

What is the alveolar distending force in pneumothorax

A

it will be more negative (?) because there is mrore pressure in the intrapleural space

38
Q

Describe according to the diagram what happens during pneumothorax

A
  1. something punches a hole in lungs- knife(maybe)
  2. the intrapleural space is broken open and air flows inside
  3. the lung collapses to unstretched size
  4. the rib cage will expand slightly
39
Q

What is an interesting connection between pneumothroax and music

A

loud damage can cause lungs to collapse

40
Q

What are the signs of pneumothroax

A

shortness of breath, chest pain, dyspnea

41
Q

What are the treatments for pneumothroax

A

aspiration of chest tube

can recover spontaneously

42
Q

What is throracstomy

A

incision of the chest wall, with maintenance of the opening for drainage

43
Q

What are the causes of pneumothroax

A

trauma, lung disease, inhalation of toxic substances

44
Q

What is tension pneumothrorax

A

opening that allows air to enter the pleural space functions as a one way valve, allowing more air to enter with every breath but none to escape

45
Q

What can tension pneumothorax lead to

A

mediastinum and trachea may shift toward the intact lung—EMERGENCY

46
Q

How much effort is required to stretch the lungs

A

it depends on lung compliance

the equation is compliance= change in lung volume/ change in tl

47
Q

If the lung compliance is high what does that mean

A

lung expands easily

48
Q

If lung compliance is low what does that mean; what can be done

A

lung resist expansion; need more muscle work to inflate lungs

49
Q

What are the characteristics of healthy lungs

A

ample compliance and sufficient elasticity(that it will expand and return to normal form)

50
Q

What factors does lung compliance depend on

A

surfactant which lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid

51
Q

What forces help bring the alveolar inward

A

natural recoil (elastance) and surface tension

52
Q

What is surfactant and what produces it

A

a mixture of lipids (dipalmitoil phosphatidylcholine)

made by type II pneumocytes

53
Q

What is surface tension, what are its units, and what does it do

A

nN/m

  • lower the surface of air-fluid interface
  • will close alveoli
54
Q

What how does surfactant impact surface tension

A

it lowers surface tension

in addition it increases lung compliance
decrease work inspiration
helps prevent collapse of small airways

55
Q

How does surfactant work, refer to diagram also

A

disrupts the cohesive forces between water molecules @ air interface- b/c alveoli are lined with a thin film of water

56
Q

What is surfactant insufficiency

A

decreases lung compliance, collapses small airways, air is trapped in local alveoli and not ventilated

57
Q

What is infant respiratory distress

A

its a blood oxygen deficiency; hypoxemia found in about 10% of premature births

58
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of IRDS

A

tachypnea, tachycardia, expiratory grunting, flaring of the nostrils and cyanosis during breathing efforts

59
Q

What famous people were effects by IRDS

A

patrick kennedy died of RDS 34 weeks after gestation in 1963

60
Q

Name some different patterns of ventilaton

A 
eupnea
hyperpnea
hyperventilation 
tachypenea 
dyspnea 
apnea
61
Q

What is eupnea

A

normal quiet breathing

62
Q

What is hyperpnea

A

high frequency and or volume in response to high metabolism (exercise)

63
Q

what is hyperventilation

A

high frequency and volume with increased metabolism (emotions)

64
Q

What is hypoventilation

A

low frequency/volume (shallow breathing, restrictive disease)

65
Q

What is tachypnea

A

rapid breathing, high rate/low volume (panting)

66
Q

What is dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

67
Q

What is apnea

A

cessation of breathing

68
Q

What is notable about child development and infant respiratory distress

A

in the last stages of pregnancy from 34-37 weeks the pneumocytes II start producing surfactant; when an infant is born prematurely, the lungs don’t have enough surfactant formed yet; therefore the surface tension is high and the lung compliance is low

69
Q

How does deficiency in surfactant effect the body

A

small bronchioles tend to collapse, ventilation of local alveoli is low despite increased respiratory muscle contraction

70
Q

What can be done to deal with surfactant deficiency

A

positive pressure must be applied by a ventilator to areas lack ventilation atelectasis

71
Q

How can IRDS be treated

A

artificial surfactant (aersol), steroids that stimulate pneumocytes II

babies will be in special incubators with high oxygen content; high oxygen without surfactant may affect the retina and cause blindness

72
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome, who does it affect primarily

A

affects adults; can involve pulmonary capillary leak due to damage of the alveolar-capillary interface

73
Q

What can acute respiratory distress be caused by

A

lung inhalation injury (noxious gases)
inflammation (sepsis-blood bacterial infection)
aspiration of gastric contents

74
Q

What happens with fluid accumlation in the alveoli and interstitium during acute respiratory distress

A

edema, atelectasis and slow diffusion due to increased distance for oxygen

75
Q

What are the major symptoms of acute respiratory distress

A

shortness of breath, impaired gas exchange, and hypoxemia

76
Q

What also reduces lung compliance

A

fluid plasma infiltrates alveoili and lower lung compliance

77
Q

what are other causes of pulmonary edema

A

pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure, or hypovolemia

78
Q

What is the treatment of pulmonary edema

A

diuretics like furosemide

79
Q

What is restrictive ventilatory disease

A

can not get air in, restricts lung expansion, lowers lung volumes and capacities

80
Q

What overall is the result of restrictive ventilatory disease

A

decrease alveolar compliance due to lung damage w/ or without fluid accumulation and reduces oxygen transport into the blood stream; blood oxygen is low

81
Q

What is restrictive disease

A

stiff lung; that decreases lung compliance

82
Q

What are types of pulmonary restrictive disease

A

lung problems
accumulation of fluid in the lung- pulmonary edema
lung tissue destruction- fibrosis, tuberculosis
pleural effusion- fluid in the pleural space caused by lung cancer, infections, trama

83
Q

What is thoracocentesis

A

an invasive procedure to remove fluid of air from the pleural space for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes with a cannula or hollow needle

84
Q

What if fluid constantly accumulates in a local pleural space

A

look up

85
Q

What is pleural scleosis with induction pleurodesis

A

fusion of visceral and parietal lung pleura

86
Q

What are typical sclerosing agents

A

talc and antibiotics like doxycyclin, erythromycin, etc

87
Q

What do disease of the nervous system and muscle disease also lead to

A

cause reduced lung mobility and restrictive pattern of ventilation

88
Q

Give some examples of disease that lead to restrictive pattern of ventilation

A

myasthenia gravis, gillian-barre syndrome, diaphragm paralysis, and broken ribs

89
Q

What is the only exception of lung volumes that will no be reduced by restrictive ventilatory diseases

A

residual volume

90
Q

How extra thing is needed for a forceful expiration

A

expiratory muscle work- use of ERV

91
Q

What lung measurement do neuromuscular defecits reduce

A

ability to breath out so..expiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and inspiratory reserve volume

Physiology Test 4 (6 decks)

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