Respiratory Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

Sternum

Answer 1

manubrium articulates w/ right & left clavicles @ clavicular notch
body articulates w/ mabubrium to form sternal angle & articulation for 2nd rib
xiphoid process- most inferior portion of sternum

Question 2

Ribs

Answer 2

12 pairs
1-7 (true ribs) attach to sternum via costal cartiage
8-10 (false ribs) attach to costal cartilage of rib above, do not reach sternum
11-12 (floating ribs) have no skeletal attachement

Question 3

Muscles of Inspiration

Answer 3

primary: diaphragm contraction expands chest and lowers ribs, external/ internal intercostals contract elevates ribs

Question 4

Muscles of Exhalation

Answer 4

passive recoil of lungs & rib cage
active exhale= rectus abdominis, internal/ external oblique, transverse abdominis depress lower ribs/compress abdominal contents which pushes up on diaphragm

Question 5

Upper Respiratory Tract

Answer 5

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

cool/warm & humidify inspired air, filter foreign matter before it reaches alveoli

Question 6

Lower Respiratory Tract

Answer 6

extends from larynx to alveoli in lungs (includes conducting airways and terminal units)
Trachea: series of horseshoe shaped cartilage rings that support anterior and lateral walls of larynx

Question 7

Bronchiopulmonary Segment: Right Lung

Answer 7

main bronchus gives rise to superior, middle and inferior bronchi (10 segments in total)

Question 8

Bronchiopulmonary Segment: Left Lung

Answer 8

divides into superior and inferior lobar bronchi (8 segments in total)

Question 9

Alveolar-Capillary units

Answer 9

bronchi branch many times & terminate here

O2 diffuses across alveolar-capillary septum into red blood cells where it combines w/hemoglobin & gets transported back to heart: CO2 diffuses in opposite direction

Question 10

Pleurae

Answer 10

membranous serous sac (viceral pleura) covers each lung

abnormal = pleural space contains air (pneumothorax)/ blood (hemothorax)/ pus/ increased serous fluid which compresses lung and causes respiratory distress

Question 11

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Answer 11

O2 is dissolved in plasma & chemically combined w/ hemoglobin- much more O2 is bonded to hemoglobin than is dissolved in plasma

CO2 (5-10%) is dissolved in blood, 5-10% is bonded in carbamino compounds, remaining 80-90% is transported as bicarbonate ions