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Phase 1 mine > Respiratory Anatomy > Flashcards

Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

where are the frontal sinuses

A

above the eyes, split in 2 by midline septum

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2
Q

what nerve supplies the frontal sinuses

A

opthalmic branch of trigeminal

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3
Q

where do the frontal sinuses drain

A

hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus

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4
Q

where are the maxillary sinuses

A

just under the eyes/orbit in a pyramidal shape

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5
Q

what nerve supplies the maxillary sinuses

A

maxillary branch of trigeminal

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6
Q

where do the maxillary sinuses drain

A

hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus

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7
Q

where are the ethmoid sinuses

A

labyrinth of air cells between eyes

anterior, middle, posterior

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8
Q

what nerve supplies the ethmoid sinuses

A

opthalmic branch of trigeminal

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9
Q

where do the ethmoid sinuses drain

A 
ant = hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus
middle = ethmoid bullar
posterior = superior meatus
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10
Q

where are the sphenoid sinuses

A

medial to cavernous sinus

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11
Q

what nerve supplies the sphenoid sinuses

A

opthalmic branch of trigeminal

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12
Q

where does the sphenoid sinus drain

A

sphenoethmoidal recess lateral to attachment of nasal septum

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13
Q

what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx

A

base of skull to soft palate

= trigeminal maxillary branch

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14
Q

what is the role of the eustachian tube

A

tube linking nasopharynx and ear = supplies air to the middle ear to equalise pressure

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15
Q

what are the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)

A

lymphatic tissue in the roof of the nasopharynx

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16
Q

what are the boundaries of the oropharynx

A

soft palate to the hyoid bone

= glossopharyngeal

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17
Q

where and what is the palatoglossal fold

A

arch across the oropharynx formed by projection of palatoglossal muscle to aid swallowing

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18
Q

where is the hypopharynx/laryngopharynx

A

posterior to the larynx
= contain the middle/inferior pharyngeal constrictors
inferior border = cricoid cartilage C6

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19
Q

what supplies motor innervation to the pharynx (except the stylopharyngeus)

A

pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

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20
Q

what nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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21
Q

what supplies sensory innervation to the pharynx

A

pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

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22
Q

what motor nerve controls swallowing in the stylopharyngeus

A

glossopharyngeal

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23
Q

which structures of the larynx have a single cartilage

A

epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid

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24
Q

which structures of the larynx have a double cartilage

A

cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid

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25
Q

what nerve is responsible for the gag reflex

A

glossopharyngeal

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26
Q

what nerve is responsible for the cough reflex

A

vagus

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27
Q

how is food prevented from entering the oesophagus

A
  1. swallowing = elevation of the hyoid bone
  2. draws larynx upwards
  3. this folds epiglottis downwards and blocks larynx from food - directs to oesophagus
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28
Q

what are the superior vestibular folds

A

= false vocal cords

thick fold of mucous membrane each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue = vestibular liagment

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29
Q

what is the role of the superior vestibular folds

A

prevent food and drink entering airway

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30
Q

what are the inferior true vocal cords

A

twin inflods of mucous membrane stretched from back of larynx to front

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31
Q

what is the role of the inferior true vocal cords

A
  1. vibrate to modulate air expelled during phonation

2. major source of sound in speech

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32
Q

role of the pharyngeal constrictors

A

constrict pharynx to aid swallowing

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33
Q

where do the pharyngeal muscles fuse together

A

midline raphe on posterior aspect

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34
Q

what is the blood supply to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles

A

pharyngeal artery

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35
Q

what does the carotid sheath contain

A

common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
accompanying cervical lymph nodes

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36
Q

name 6 extrinsic laryngeal muscles

A 
sternohyoid
omohyoid
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
stylohyoid
mylohyoid
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37
Q

what structures lie immeadiately behind the pharyngeal wall

A

loose areolar tissue

cervical cerebral bodies

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38
Q

what forms the stellate ganglion

A

fused inferior cervical ganglia and 1st thoracic ganglia

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39
Q

what does the superior laryngeal nerve supply

A 
sensory = internal larynx from origin to vocal cords
motor = cricothyroid muscle
40
Q

what is platysma

A

superficial muscle that overlaps sternocleidomastoid

41
Q

what innervates the sternocleidomastoid

A

glossopharyngeal nerve

42
Q

what elevates the larynx

A

the suprahyoid muscles and the stylopharyngeas muscle

43
Q

what depresses the larynx

A

the infrahyoid muscles

44
Q

what level does the larynx lie

A

C4,5,6

45
Q

what is the epiglottis made of

A

elastic cartilage tissue covered in a mucous membrane

46
Q

the vagus nerve splits into

A

superior laryngeal nerve

recurrent laryngeal nerve

47
Q

where is the thyroid gland bound

A

to trachea and larynx by pre-tracheal fascia

48
Q

what supplies blood to the thyroid gland

A

superior thyroid artery = upper pole

inferior thyroid artery = middle

49
Q

superior thyroid artery is a branch of

A

external carotid artery

50
Q

inferior thyroid artery is a branch of

A

thyrocervical trunk of subclavian

51
Q

what epithelium lines the nose

A

keratinised columnar epithelium at entrance, non-keratinised elsewhere

52
Q

how far does the trachea extend

A

larynx to bifurcation at T4

53
Q

what epithelium lines the trachea

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

goblet cells are present

54
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

thin fluid filled space between 2 pulmonary pleurae of each lung

55
Q

what is the pleura

A

serous membrane folds back on self to form 2 layer membranous pleural sac = parietal and visceral

56
Q

what innervates the pleura

A

phrenic and intercostal nerves

57
Q

what is the surface marking for the apex of the lung

A

2.5cm above midclavicle

58
Q

right border of the lung surface marking

A 
mid-sternal = 6th cc
mid-clavicular = 8th cc
mid-axilalry = 10th cc
59
Q

what is a bronchopulmonary segment

A

portion of the lung served by specific tertiary bronchus and arteries

60
Q

what nerve supplies the trachea

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

61
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

A

10 in right 8 in left

62
Q

what enters each lung at the hilum

A 
bronchus + bronchial artery
1 x pulmonary artery
2 x pulmonary veins
lymphatics
pulmonary plexus of nerves
63
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

sheet of skeletal muscle extend across bottom of thoracic cavity

64
Q

what nerves supply the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves C3,4,5

65
Q

what are the openings of the diaphragm

A

oesophagus at T10 = oesophageal haitus
aorta at T12 = aortic haitus
IVC at T8 = caval opening

66
Q

what is the difference between the bronchi

A

right = more vertical and shorter than left

67
Q

what are the walls of bronchi made up of

A

circular cartilage and smooth muscle

68
Q

what are the divisions of the bronchi

A

main bronchus - lobar bronchus - segmental bronchus - conducting bronchiole - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole

69
Q

what is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles

A

bronchioles do not have cartilage

70
Q

what are terminal bronchioles

A

most distal segment of conducting zone

71
Q

what nerve innervates the bronchus

A

vagus nerve

72
Q

sympathetic innervation of the lung causes

A

bronchodilation

73
Q

parasympathetic innervation of the lung causes

A

bronchoconstriction

74
Q

what do bronchial arteries supply

A

bronchi, lung roots, visceral pleura, supporting lung tissue

75
Q

what is the role of the visceral afferent nerve fibres

A

conduct pain impulses to sensory ganglion of vagus nerve

76
Q

where do the bronchial veins drain

A 
right = azygous vein
left = hemiazygous veins
77
Q

what are the articulations of the clavicle

A

sternoclavicular joint

acromioclavicular joint

78
Q

what innervates the intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerves T1-T11

79
Q

where is the sternal angle/angle of louis

A

in line lateral to 2nd rib

80
Q

what are the physical movements of breathing

A

vertical, anteroposteral, transverse = expand chest

81
Q

what are the actions of the pectoralis major

A
  1. internal roation of humurus
  2. adduction of humurus
  3. flexion of shoulder joint
  4. accessory resp muscle
82
Q

what is pectoralis major innervated by

A

lateral pectoral nerve

83
Q

what is serratus anterior innervated by

A

long thoracic nerve

84
Q

where does the azygous vein drain

A

SVC

85
Q

what is the sulcus terminalis

A

groove on external anterior aspect of heart represents SAN location

86
Q

what forms the anterior axillary fold

A

lower edge of pectoralis major

87
Q

what lies deep to the pectoralis minor muscel

A

axilla

88
Q

where does lymph from breast tissue drain

A

axillary lymph nodes

89
Q

which nerves carry sensation from the parietal and visceral pleura

A 
parietal = T1-T12
visceral = vagus/sympathetic
90
Q

what is intercostal recession

A

intercostals pulled sharply in

91
Q

which special sensation is carried by glossopharyngeal nerve

A

posterior 1/3rd tongue

92
Q

what structure stops liquid refluxing to back of nose during swallowing

A

soft palate

93
Q

what nerves travel through the parotid gland

A

facial nerve = 5 branches

94
Q

where does the parotid gland enter the mouth

A

through cheek and into oral cavity adjacent to crown of 2nd upper molar

95
Q

where does the submandibular gland enter the mouth

A

open on papilla beside base of tongue under tongue

96
Q

which nerves supply muscles of tongue

A 
intrinsic/extrinsic = hypoglossal
palatoglossal = vagus nerve
97
Q

what is the role of the sinuses

A

warm and humidify

reduce weight of skull

Phase 1 mine (12 decks)

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