Respiratory Anatomy Flashcards
where are the frontal sinuses
above the eyes, split in 2 by midline septum
what nerve supplies the frontal sinuses
opthalmic branch of trigeminal
where do the frontal sinuses drain
hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus
where are the maxillary sinuses
just under the eyes/orbit in a pyramidal shape
what nerve supplies the maxillary sinuses
maxillary branch of trigeminal
where do the maxillary sinuses drain
hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus
where are the ethmoid sinuses
labyrinth of air cells between eyes
anterior, middle, posterior
what nerve supplies the ethmoid sinuses
opthalmic branch of trigeminal
where do the ethmoid sinuses drain
ant = hiatus semilunaris into middle meatus middle = ethmoid bullar posterior = superior meatus
where are the sphenoid sinuses
medial to cavernous sinus
what nerve supplies the sphenoid sinuses
opthalmic branch of trigeminal
where does the sphenoid sinus drain
sphenoethmoidal recess lateral to attachment of nasal septum
what are the boundaries of the nasopharynx
base of skull to soft palate
= trigeminal maxillary branch
what is the role of the eustachian tube
tube linking nasopharynx and ear = supplies air to the middle ear to equalise pressure
what are the adenoids (pharyngeal tonsils)
lymphatic tissue in the roof of the nasopharynx
what are the boundaries of the oropharynx
soft palate to the hyoid bone
= glossopharyngeal
where and what is the palatoglossal fold
arch across the oropharynx formed by projection of palatoglossal muscle to aid swallowing
where is the hypopharynx/laryngopharynx
posterior to the larynx
= contain the middle/inferior pharyngeal constrictors
inferior border = cricoid cartilage C6
what supplies motor innervation to the pharynx (except the stylopharyngeus)
pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve
what nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx EXCEPT CRICOTHYROID
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what supplies sensory innervation to the pharynx
pharyngeal branch of glossopharyngeal nerve
what motor nerve controls swallowing in the stylopharyngeus
glossopharyngeal
which structures of the larynx have a single cartilage
epiglottis
thyroid
cricoid
which structures of the larynx have a double cartilage
cuneiform
corniculate
arytenoid
what nerve is responsible for the gag reflex
glossopharyngeal
what nerve is responsible for the cough reflex
vagus
how is food prevented from entering the oesophagus
- swallowing = elevation of the hyoid bone
- draws larynx upwards
- this folds epiglottis downwards and blocks larynx from food - directs to oesophagus
what are the superior vestibular folds
= false vocal cords
thick fold of mucous membrane each enclosing a narrow band of fibrous tissue = vestibular liagment
what is the role of the superior vestibular folds
prevent food and drink entering airway
what are the inferior true vocal cords
twin inflods of mucous membrane stretched from back of larynx to front
what is the role of the inferior true vocal cords
- vibrate to modulate air expelled during phonation
2. major source of sound in speech
role of the pharyngeal constrictors
constrict pharynx to aid swallowing
where do the pharyngeal muscles fuse together
midline raphe on posterior aspect
what is the blood supply to the pharyngeal constrictor muscles
pharyngeal artery
what does the carotid sheath contain
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
accompanying cervical lymph nodes
name 6 extrinsic laryngeal muscles
sternohyoid omohyoid thyrohyoid sternothyroid stylohyoid mylohyoid
what structures lie immeadiately behind the pharyngeal wall
loose areolar tissue
cervical cerebral bodies
what forms the stellate ganglion
fused inferior cervical ganglia and 1st thoracic ganglia
what does the superior laryngeal nerve supply
sensory = internal larynx from origin to vocal cords motor = cricothyroid muscle
what is platysma
superficial muscle that overlaps sternocleidomastoid
what innervates the sternocleidomastoid
glossopharyngeal nerve
what elevates the larynx
the suprahyoid muscles and the stylopharyngeas muscle
what depresses the larynx
the infrahyoid muscles
what level does the larynx lie
C4,5,6
what is the epiglottis made of
elastic cartilage tissue covered in a mucous membrane
the vagus nerve splits into
superior laryngeal nerve
recurrent laryngeal nerve
where is the thyroid gland bound
to trachea and larynx by pre-tracheal fascia
what supplies blood to the thyroid gland
superior thyroid artery = upper pole
inferior thyroid artery = middle
superior thyroid artery is a branch of
external carotid artery
inferior thyroid artery is a branch of
thyrocervical trunk of subclavian
what epithelium lines the nose
keratinised columnar epithelium at entrance, non-keratinised elsewhere
how far does the trachea extend
larynx to bifurcation at T4
what epithelium lines the trachea
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
goblet cells are present
what is the pleural cavity
thin fluid filled space between 2 pulmonary pleurae of each lung
what is the pleura
serous membrane folds back on self to form 2 layer membranous pleural sac = parietal and visceral
what innervates the pleura
phrenic and intercostal nerves
what is the surface marking for the apex of the lung
2.5cm above midclavicle
right border of the lung surface marking
mid-sternal = 6th cc mid-clavicular = 8th cc mid-axilalry = 10th cc
what is a bronchopulmonary segment
portion of the lung served by specific tertiary bronchus and arteries
what nerve supplies the trachea
recurrent laryngeal nerve
how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
10 in right 8 in left
what enters each lung at the hilum
bronchus + bronchial artery 1 x pulmonary artery 2 x pulmonary veins lymphatics pulmonary plexus of nerves
what is the diaphragm
sheet of skeletal muscle extend across bottom of thoracic cavity
what nerves supply the diaphragm
phrenic nerves C3,4,5
what are the openings of the diaphragm
oesophagus at T10 = oesophageal haitus
aorta at T12 = aortic haitus
IVC at T8 = caval opening
what is the difference between the bronchi
right = more vertical and shorter than left
what are the walls of bronchi made up of
circular cartilage and smooth muscle
what are the divisions of the bronchi
main bronchus - lobar bronchus - segmental bronchus - conducting bronchiole - terminal bronchiole - respiratory bronchiole
what is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles
bronchioles do not have cartilage
what are terminal bronchioles
most distal segment of conducting zone
what nerve innervates the bronchus
vagus nerve
sympathetic innervation of the lung causes
bronchodilation
parasympathetic innervation of the lung causes
bronchoconstriction
what do bronchial arteries supply
bronchi, lung roots, visceral pleura, supporting lung tissue
what is the role of the visceral afferent nerve fibres
conduct pain impulses to sensory ganglion of vagus nerve
where do the bronchial veins drain
right = azygous vein left = hemiazygous veins
what are the articulations of the clavicle
sternoclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
what innervates the intercostal muscles
intercostal nerves T1-T11
where is the sternal angle/angle of louis
in line lateral to 2nd rib
what are the physical movements of breathing
vertical, anteroposteral, transverse = expand chest
what are the actions of the pectoralis major
- internal roation of humurus
- adduction of humurus
- flexion of shoulder joint
- accessory resp muscle
what is pectoralis major innervated by
lateral pectoral nerve
what is serratus anterior innervated by
long thoracic nerve
where does the azygous vein drain
SVC
what is the sulcus terminalis
groove on external anterior aspect of heart represents SAN location
what forms the anterior axillary fold
lower edge of pectoralis major
what lies deep to the pectoralis minor muscel
axilla
where does lymph from breast tissue drain
axillary lymph nodes
which nerves carry sensation from the parietal and visceral pleura
parietal = T1-T12 visceral = vagus/sympathetic
what is intercostal recession
intercostals pulled sharply in
which special sensation is carried by glossopharyngeal nerve
posterior 1/3rd tongue
what structure stops liquid refluxing to back of nose during swallowing
soft palate
what nerves travel through the parotid gland
facial nerve = 5 branches
where does the parotid gland enter the mouth
through cheek and into oral cavity adjacent to crown of 2nd upper molar
where does the submandibular gland enter the mouth
open on papilla beside base of tongue under tongue
which nerves supply muscles of tongue
intrinsic/extrinsic = hypoglossal palatoglossal = vagus nerve
what is the role of the sinuses
warm and humidify
reduce weight of skull
