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Phase 1 mine > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basic structure of the GI tract

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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2
Q

what is the GI tract

A

oesophagus to anus

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3
Q

describe the mucosa of the GI tract

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosa
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4
Q

describe the epithelium of the GI tract

A
  1. includes exocrine cells from invaginated pits secreting digestive products and mucus
  2. increases SA for absorption and secretion
  3. covered in microvilli forming brush border
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5
Q

describe the lamina propria of the mucosa of the GI tract

A

= connective tissue
folded to increase SA
contains small nerves/blood vessels/lymphatics

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6
Q

describe the muscularis mucosa of the GI tract

A

thin layer of smooth muscle

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7
Q

describe the submucosa of the GI tract

A

layer of connective tissue containing network of nerves/blood/lymph which pierce layers above and below

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8
Q

describe the muscularis externa of the GI tract

A
  1. circular muscle = thick = narrow tube
  2. myenteric nerve plexus
  3. longitudinal muscle = thinner = shorten tube
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9
Q

describe the serosa of the GI tract

A

thin layer of connective tissue continuous with parietal peritoneum

  • epithelium
  • areolar tissue
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10
Q

where is Meissner’s plexus located

A

mainly within submucosa

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11
Q

where is auerbachs plexus located

A

between mucle layers

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12
Q

where is the upper extent of the abdominal cavity

A

anterior = under surface of diaphragm at 5th intercostal margin

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13
Q

name the 9 regions of the abdominal wall

A

R hyperchondrium - epigastric - L hyperchondrium
R flank - umbilical - L flank
R iliac fossa - suprapubic/hypogastric

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14
Q

what is the transpyloric plan of addison

A

halfway between suprasternal notch and superior border of symphysis pubis at level of L1

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15
Q

what is the subcostal plane

A

lowest point of costal margin at L2 level = origin of superior mesenteric artery

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16
Q

what is McBurney’s point

A

2/3 along line joining umbilicus to anterior superior iliac spine = base of appendix

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17
Q

what is the intertubular plane

A

line joining tubercles of iliac crest = L4 = bifurcation of aorta

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18
Q

what is the intercristal plan

A

line along back between highest points of pelvis = between L4 and L5 = lumbar puncture

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19
Q

what are the 2 layers of superficial fascia on the abdominal wall

A

camper’s fascia = fatty layer

scarpa’s fascia = membranous

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20
Q

name the 3 flat muscles of the abdomen

A
  1. external oblique
  2. internal oblique
  3. transverse abdominus
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21
Q

what is aponeurosis

A

all flat muscles form this flat broad tendon which covers the vertical rectus abdominis muscle

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22
Q

what is the linea alba

A

apaneurosis of flat muscles become entwined in midline = forms linea alba = xiphoid process - pubic symphysis

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23
Q

where does external oblique attach and inser

A

originates from 5 - 12 ribs inserts to iliac crest and pubic tubercle

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24
Q

what is the function of external oblique

A

contralateral rotation of torso

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25
Q

what innervates the external obliques

A

thoracoabdominal nerves T7-T11 and subcostal nerve T12

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26
Q

where does internal oblique attach and insert

A

originates from inguinal ligament/iliac crest and insert into 10 - 12 ribs

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27
Q

what is the function of internal oblique

A

contraction and rotation

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28
Q

what innervates the internal oblique

A

thoracoabdominal nerve T7-T11 and subcostal nerve T12

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29
Q

where does transversus abdominis attach and insert

A

originates from inguinal ligament/costal cartilages 7-12/iliac crest and insert into conjoint tendon/xiphoid process/linea alba/pubic crest

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30
Q

what is the function of transversus abdominis

A

compression of abdominal contents

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31
Q

what innervated transverse abdominis

A

thoracoabdominal nerves T7-T11/subcostal nerve T12

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32
Q

name the 2 vertical muscles of the abdomen

A
  1. rectus abdominis

2. pyramidalis

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33
Q

what is the rectus abdominis

A

long/paired muscle split by linea alba = lateral borders make linea semilunaris

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34
Q

what creates the appearance of a six pack

A

rectus abdominis is intersected by fibrous strips = tendinous intersections + linea alba = 6 pack

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35
Q

where does rectus abdominis attach and insert

A

originate from pubic crest and insert into xiphoid process at costal cartilages of ribs 5 - 7

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36
Q

what is the function of rectus abdominis

A

compressing abdomen/stabilising pelvis/depresses ribs

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37
Q

what innervates the rectus abdominis

A

thoracoabdominal nerves T7 - T11

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38
Q

what is pyramidalis muscle

A

small triangular sitting superior to the pubic bone = tenses linea alba = T12 subcostal nerve

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39
Q

what is the rectus sheath

A

formed by aponeuroses of 3 flat muscles = encloses rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles

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40
Q

what is the anterior wall of the rectus sheath formed of

A

aponeuroses of external oblique and half of internal oblique

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41
Q

what is the posterior wall of the rectus sheath formed of

A

aponeuroses of half internal oblique and transverse abdominis

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42
Q

where is there no posterior wall of rectus sheath

A

midline between umbilicus and pubic symphysis = all aponeuroses move to anterior wall = direct contact with transversalis fascia

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43
Q

what is peritoneal fluid

A

in peritoneal cavity = water/electrolytes/leukocytes/antibodies

44
Q

describe intraperitoneal organs

A

enveloped by visceral peritoneum both anteriorly and posteriorly

45
Q

describe retroperitoneal organs

A

covered in parietal peritoneum only covering anterior surface

46
Q

what is parietal peritoneum

A

lines internal surface of abdopelvic wall

47
Q

what is visceral peritoneum

A

invaginates to cover majority of abdominal viscera

48
Q

what is a mesentary

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum connecting intraperitoneal organs to posterior abdominal wall

49
Q

what is omentum

A

sheets of visceral peritoneum that extend from stomach and proximal duodenum to other organs

50
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

4 layers of visceral peritoneum descending from greater curvature of stomach/prox duodenum then folds back up and attaches to anterior surface transverse colon

51
Q

what is lesser omentum

A

double layer visceral peritoneum from lesser curvature of stomach/prox duodenum to liver

52
Q

what are the 2 parts of the lesser omentum

A
  1. hepatogastric ligament = connect liver to stomach

2. hepatoduodenal ligament

53
Q

what is the peritoneal ligament

A

double fold of peritoneum connects viscera together/to abdo wall

54
Q

what do the omentum contain

A

fat/blood vessels/lymphatics/nerves

55
Q

the lesser sac is also known as

A

the omental bursa

56
Q

what is the epiploic foramen of winslow

A

an opening in the omental bursa that connects the omental bursa with the greater sac

57
Q

where is the stomach located

A

upper part of abdomen from left costal margin into epigastric and umbilical region

58
Q

what are the 2 openings of the stomach

A

cardiac and pyloric orifices

59
Q

at what level is the inferior oesophageal sphincter

A

T11 = not under voluntary control

60
Q

what is the blood supply of the stomach

A

branch of coeliac trunk
greater curvature = gastro-epiploic artery
lesser curvature = gastric artery

61
Q

where do the right and left gastric veins drain

A

hepatic portal vein

62
Q

what innervates the stomach

A

= autonomic
parasympathetic = for peristalsis = from vagus nerve
sympathetic = from T6-T9 to coeliac plexus via greater splanchnic nerve

63
Q

at what level does the coeliac trunk branch off the aorta

A

T12

64
Q

describe the superior duodenum

A

L1
connected to liver by hepatoduodenal ligament
intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal
lie in front of gastroduodenal arteries

65
Q

describe the descending duodenum

A

L1-L3
curves inferiorly around head of pancreas
marked by internal major duodenal papilla

66
Q

describe the inferior duodenum

A

L3
crosses over IVC and aorta
posterior to superior mesenteric artery and vein

67
Q

describe the ascending duodenum

A

L3-L2

sharp turn = duodenojejunal flexure

68
Q

the epiploic foramen is also known as

A

foramen of Winslow

69
Q

mneumonic for retroperitoneal organs

A

SAD PUCKER

70
Q

describe the mucosa of the duodenum

A

D1 = smooth, all else = plicae circularis

71
Q

what part of the pancreas is intraperitoneal

A

the tail

72
Q

what is the sphincter of Oddi

A

muscular valve controlling secretion into the duodenum from the pancreas

73
Q

what is the ampulla of Vater

A

union of pancreatic duct and common bile duct = opens into duodenum via major duodenal papilla

74
Q

what is the blood supply of the pancreas

A
  1. pancreatic branches of splenic artery = coeliac trunk
  2. sup/inf pancreaticoduodenal arteties = gastroduodenal
  3. superior mesenteric arteries
75
Q

blood supply of the foregut is

A

coealiac trunk

76
Q

what does the foregut consist of

A

abdominal oesophagus to ampulla of vater

77
Q

what does the midgut consist of

A

inferior duodenum to 2/3rds transverse colon

78
Q

blood supply of the midgut is

A

superior mesenteric artery

79
Q

nerve supply of the foregut is

A

greater splanchnic nerve T5-T9

80
Q

nerve supply of the midgut is

A

lesser splanchnic nerve T10-T11

81
Q

what does the hindgut consist of

A

distal 1/3rd transverse colon to the rectum

82
Q

blood supply of the hindgut is

A

inferior mesenteric artery

83
Q

nerve supply of the hindgut is

A

least splanchnic nerve T12

84
Q

what are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery (clockwise)

A

jejunal and ileal arteries
ileocolic artery
right colic artery
middle colic artery

85
Q

what is the path of jejunal/ileal arteries

A

from superior mesenteric = pass between layers of mesentary and form anastomotic arcades

86
Q

what are vasa recta

A

small straight arteries arising from anastomotic arcades of jejunal/ilial arteries

87
Q

name 5 differences of the jejunum from the ileum

A

jejunum =

  1. wider
  2. thicker wall
  3. deep red
  4. few peyers patches
  5. long/fewer vasa recta
88
Q

what does the middle colic artery supply

A

transverse colon

89
Q

what does the right colic artery supply

A

ascending colon

90
Q

at what level does the inferior mesenteric artery branch off the aorta

A

L3

91
Q

name the 3 branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

A
  1. left colic artery
  2. sigmoid arteries
  3. superior rectal artery
92
Q

what does the left colic artery supply

A

distal 1/3rd transverse colon and descending colon

93
Q

what do the sigmoid arteries supply

A

descending colon and sigmoid colon

94
Q

what does the superior rectal artery supply

A

= continuation of inferior mesenteric artery supplying the rectum

95
Q

what is the colon

A

large intestine

96
Q

describe the muscle in the wall of the colon

A

longitudinally running = teniae coli

97
Q

which vein drains blood from the colon and where to

A

inferior mesenteric vein drains to splenic vein

98
Q

where does lymph from small bowel drain

A

superior/inferior mesenteric nodes then to lymphs trunks then to cisterna chyli then into thoracic duct

99
Q

name 4 anatomical features of small bowel that increase SA

A
  1. long
  2. plicae circularis
  3. villi
  4. microvilli
100
Q

mesentery and the small bowel

A 
ascending/descending = retroperitoneal
transverse/sigmoid = in a mesentery
101
Q

what are haustra

A

small pouches caused by sacculation of teniae coli = give segmented appearance

102
Q

what are appendices epiploicia

A

small puches of peritoneum filled with fat along colon

103
Q

what part of the bowel is supplied by the sacral nerves 2,3,4

A

= produce pelvic splanchnic nerves = parasympathetic of hindgut

104
Q

what forms the common bile duct

A

common hepatic duct and cystic duct

105
Q

how many pancreatic ducts are there

A

2 = main and accessory = represent dorsal/ventral buds from foregut in embryology

106
Q

why is pain from the viscera referred

A

referred to areas of skin (dermatomes) supplied by same sensory ganglia/spinal cord segments as nerve fibres innervating viscera

Phase 1 mine (12 decks)

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