Respiratory Anatomy 2 Flashcards
What makes up upper respiratory tract?
What makes up lower respiratory tract?
What is the basic strsuctaural unit of gas exchnage in the lungs?
Pulmonary alveoli
Where does the trachea start?
Lower part of the larynx at C6 level,
Where does trachea bifurcate?
level of sternal angle (lower T4-T5)
What does the trachea give rise to?
Right and left bronchi
What is present at the bifurcation area of the trachea?
Triangular cartilage called carina.
How many rings of hyaline cartilage are in the trachea
15 to 20
What is the tracheobronchial tree?
branching structure of the airways which consists of a conducting part and a respiratory part.
What makes up the conducting portion?
Trachea, main bronchus, lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, conducting bronchiole and respiratory bronchiole.
What makes up the respiratory part?
respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus.
What happens in the conducting part?
no gas exchange happens
What happens in the respiratory part?
Gas exchange happens
What are the vital organs of the respiratory system?
Lungs
What is the fucntion of the lungs?
To oxygenate the blood.
How many lobes does the right lungs have?
3 (Superior, middle and inferior)
How many lobes does left lung have?
2 (Superior and inferior)
How many fissures does the right lung have?
Two fissures (Horizontal and oblique)
How many fissures does the left lungs have?
One (Oblique fissures)
How many surfaces does the lung have?
3 (Coastal, Mediastinal and Diaphragmatic)
Why is the outer surface called costal surface?
It is in contact with the ribs.
Why is the lower part called diaphragmatic surface?
It is in contact with the diaphragm.
How many borders does the lungs have?
3 (Anterior, Posterior and inferior)
What is special about the anterior border on the left lung?
It has a notch called the cardiac notch
What is at the lower part of the notch?
A tongue like projection called lingula.
What is a hilium?
An area that is located on the mediastinal surface of the lungs.
What is the lung root?
A group of structures like bronchus, artery, veins, lymphatics and nerves that enter or leave the lung hilum.
What does the primary bronchus do when it gets into the left lung?
It divides into two
What will you see in the lung hilium arranged anterioinferiorly?
The pulmonary vein
Why are pulmonary veins red in color?
They are carrying oxygenated blood.
What do pulmonary arteries carry?
They come from the right side of the heart carrying deoxygenated blood.
What structures are related to the left lung?
The heart, arch of aorta, descending aorta, oesophagus (behind hilium of lung), branches of the arch of the aorta, left subclavian artery, left brachiocephalic vein
What structures are related to the right lung?
Heart, vena cava inferior, diaphragm, vena cava superior, azygous vein, subclavian vein and artery.
What forms superior vena cava?
left brachiocephalic vein and right brachiocephalic vein
What does the primary bronchus split into?
Lobar bronchus ( 3 on right, 2 on left)
How many bronchopulmonary segments are in each lung?
10
What is the clinical significance of bronchopulmonary segments?
Each segment is an independent unit, it has its own vessels and nerves.
What supplies the blood to the lungs?
Bronchial artery (two on left and one on right side)
Where does the left bronchial artery come from?
Thoracic aorta (2)
Where does the right bronchial artery come from?
posterior intercostal artery (1)
What is the venous drainage of the lungs?
Bronchial veins which drain to the azygous and accessory hemiazygous system.
What does the lymphatic drainage of the lungs?
Pulmonary LN, Bronchopulmonary LN, tracheobronchial LN, bronchomediastinal LN, broncho-mediastinal LN lymph trunk.
What is the Autonomic Innervation of the lungs?
It is supplied by the pulomnary plexus:
- Parasympathetic - vagus (motor to bronchial muscle, secretomotor to mucous glands and vasodilator)
- Sympathetic - T2-T5 symapthetic nerves (inhibitory to bronchial smooth muscle, bronchodilator, motor to blood vessel smooth muscle.)
What are the two types of pleura?
Visceral and parietal
What are the four parts of the parietal pleura?
Cervical, Costal, Diaphragmatic and Mediastinal.
What does cervical parietal pleura cover?
Apex of lung
What is the parietal pleura innervated by?
Somatic nerves, Intercostals, phrenic nerves and it is pain sensitive.
What is visceral pleura innervated by?
It is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and it is pain insensitive.
What is pleural reflections?
Area where parietal pleura becomes visceral pleura
What is the pleural recess?
it is an increased space that is found between the layers of pleura occuring at the pleural reflection
What is the inferior margin of the lung at the midclavicular line?
Rib 6
What is the inferior margin of the lung at the mid-axillary line?
Rib 8
What is the inferior margin of the lung at the Paravertebral line?
Rib 10
What is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura at the mid-clavicular line?
Rib 8
What is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura at the mid-axillary line?
Rib 10
What is the inferior margin of the parietal pleura at the paravertebral line?
Rib 12
Where is the horizontal fissure found?
Course of fourth rib
Where is oblique fissure found?
It begins at the spine close to T2/3 vertebral level and it comes forward and follows the course of the 6th rib.
What is asthma?
inflammation in the airways, bronchoconsrcition, increased mucous secretion and airway restriction.
What is pneumothorax?
Entry of air into the pleural cavity (visceral or parietal) and the lung can collapse.
