Respiratory Anatomy

Question 1

List the 3 parts that make up the thoracic cage

Answer 1

1.Sternum
2.Thoracic vertebrae
3.12 pairs if ribs
F;TO PROVIDE STRUCTURE & PROTECT THE INTERNAL ORGANS

Question 2

Name all the 3 parts that make up the sternum

Answer 2

1.manubrium
2.body of sternum
3.xiphoid processes

1&2 separated by sternal angle that lies at T4 vertebrae level

Question 3

What connects the ribs to the sternum

Answer 3

Costal cartilage

Question 4

Which facets on the sternum are demifacets

Answer 4

2 &7

Question 5

What are the 3 types of ribs in terms of attachment to sternum

Answer 5

1.true;1-7
2.false;8-10
3.floating;11-12

Question 6

What the 2 main types of ribs

Answer 6

1.TYPICAL;3-9
2.ATYPICAL;1,2,10,11,12

Question 7

What are typical ribs?

Answer 7

*ALL HAVE A HEAD,NECK & BODY/SHAFT
Head;posterior,has 2 articulated facets
*has TUBERCLE;articulates with transverse processes
COSTAL GROOVE
RIB ANGLE

Question 8

What makers rib 1 atypical

Answer 8

*shorter & wider
*one facet on head
*has 2 grooves to make way for the subclavian vessels

Question 9

What makes rib 2 atypical?

Answer 9

*has rough area on upper surface(tuberosity) for attachment of SERRATUS ANTERIOR MUSCLE
*longer & thinner than rib 1,double length

Question 10

What makes rib 10 atypical

Answer 10

*has only 1 facet-articulate with corresponding vertebrae

Question 11

What makes ribs 11 & 12 atypical?

Answer 11

*no tubercle
*no neck
*short
*pointed ends

Question 12

What is a costovertebral joint?

Answer 12

Joint between the head of rib(the facets) & vertebrae

Question 13

What is a costotransverse joint?

Answer 13

The joint between the rib tubercle & the transverse process of the corresponding vertebrae

Question 14

What are the 5 sections of the verterbrae?

Answer 14

1.Cervical-7
2.Thoracic-12;articulates with ribs
3.Lumbar-5
4.Sacrum-5;fused
5.Coccyx-4;fused

Question 15

What are the 3 bones the make up the nasal cavity & their function?

Answer 15

CONCHAE(covered in mucus): superior
Middle
Inferior
F:Increase surface area & warm and moisturize inhaled air

Question 16

What makes up the oral cavity?

Answer 16

Hard palate
Soft palate
Uvula

Question 17

What are the 3 parts that make up the pharynx?

Answer 17

1.Nasopharynx-behind nasal cavity & ends just at the end f the uvula
2.Oropharynx-between end of uvula & beginning of epiglottis
3.Laryngophrynx-from beginning of epiglottis to beginning of oesophagus

Question 18

What are the 3 parts that make up the tracheobronchial tree?

Answer 18

Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles

Question 19

How many laryngeal cartilages are there?

Answer 19

9…..3 paired to make 6 and 3 unpaired

Question 20

Name the 3 unpaired laryngeal cartilages:

Answer 20

1.Epiglottis
2.Thyroid
3.Cricoid

Question 21

Name the 3 paired laryngeal cartilages;

Answer 21

1.Arythenoid
2.Corniculate
3.Cuneiform

Question 22

Which membrane covers the hyaline cartilage free part of the trachea?

Answer 22

Trachealis muscle(smooth muscle)

Question 23

What’s the name of the ridge that’s forms at the bifurcation of the trachea & the lymph nodes inferior to it?

Answer 23

CARINA—inferiorly lies the inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes

Question 24

What’s the difference between the right & left primary bronchi?

Answer 24

Right bronchi-wider,shorter,much steeper i.e vertical,further divides into 3 secondary bronchi while left 2
* hence foreign subjects are more likely to be lodged here

Question 25

What’s the main epithelium that covers the respiratory tree?

Answer 25

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 26

What are the 2 squamous epithelial cells that make up the alveoli?

Answer 26

1.TYPE 1 PNEUMOCYTES-just lines the alveoli surface 2.TYPE 2 PNEUMOCYTES-Produce surfactant

Question 27

When does production of surfactant begin in developing fetuses & when is the production mostly complete?

Answer 27

Development: 24-28 weeks gestation Mostly complete: 34 weeks gestation HENCE PREMATURE BABIES ARE MORE LIKELY TO HAVE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME due to not enough surfactant.

Question 28

What lobes make the right lung and what separates them?

Answer 28

3 lobes 1.Superior lobe HORIZONTAL FISSURE 2.Middle lobe OBLIQUE FISSURE 3.Inferior lobe

Question 29

What makes the left lung different from the right?

Answer 29

*has only 2 lobes-the superior and inferior *only one fissure-oblique fissure *has a deep cardiac notch

Question 30

Which artery supplies the bronchi & the trachea?

Answer 30

The thoracic aorta(part above the diaphragm of the descending aorta)

Question 31

Where does the left bronchial vein drain its blood?

Answer 31

The accessory hemiazygos vein which the drains into the azygos vein then SVC

Question 32

Where does the right bronchial vein drain its blood?

Answer 32

AZYGOS VEIN

Question 33

Which nerve innervates the diaghragm?

Answer 33

PHRENIC NERVE

Question 34

What are the 3 attachments of the diaphragm?

Answer 34

1.Xiphoid process the sternum 2.Lumbar vertebrae & associated discs 3.Costal cartilage & inner surface of ribs 7-12

Question 35

What’s are the parts of the diaphragm that arises from the vertebrae?

Answer 35

CRUCA R.crus-arises from L1-L3 & their associated intervertebral discs L.crus-arises from L1-L2 & their associated intervertebral discs

Question 36

What happens to the diaphragm during breathing?

Answer 36

Contraction-Inhalation (coin) Relaxation-Exhalation

Question 37

What are the 3 major openings on the diaphragm?

Answer 37

1.IVC-through T8 level 2.Oesophagus-through T10 level 3.Aorta-through T12 level

Question 38

Name the 3 intercostal muscles:

Answer 38

1.External—its contraction causes ribs to elevate 2.Internal—its contraction causes adjacent ribs to move closer to each other. —* Only function in FORCED EXHALATION 3.Innermost—Separated from other layers by the NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE.

Question 39

What supplies the intercostal space?

Answer 39

The NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE Vein Artery Nerve

Question 40

Name the 3 accessory muscles of INHALATION:

Answer 40

1.Sternocleidomastoid muscle 2.Pectoralis minor muscle 3.Scalene muscles

Question 41

Name the 4 accessory muscles of EXHALATION:

Answer 41

1.External oblique muscle 2.internal oblique muscle 3.rectus abdominis muscle 4.transversus abdominis muscle