Respiratory Flashcards
What is Kussmal’s breathing?
Found in DKA or other acidoses where breaths are fast or normal rate but maximal inspirations and expirations are taken
What is Agonal breathing?
Not normal gasping for air apnoea in between sign of brainstem reflex and brain hypoxia
What can cause cough and dyspnoea?
Obstructive lung disease, restrictive lung disease, pulmonary vascular abnormalitiy infections and maligancy
What are the areas you can get cancer in the lung?
The bronchioles bonchogenic or alveolar
What are the types of bronchiole cancer?
central small cell or squamous or peripheral adenocarcinoma and large cell
Is primary lung cancer more or less common than secondary lung cancer?
secondary is more common
what cancers commonly metastasise to the lung?
Breast, colon and renal cell carcinoma
Where can metastases in the lungs be?
lung parenchyma, pleura, endobronchial mucosa and lymphatics
What are the main categories of lung disease?
infection, cancer and
What is important to know about SOB?
Onset timing variation severity exacerbating relieving associated symptoms.
What are lung finction tests?
Spirometry, lung volumes transfer factor mouth pressures
What radiology can be used in lungs?
Plain X-ray, CT scanning ultrasound CMR MRPA ventilation/perfusion scans
What is type 1 respiratory filure?
Low pO2 with lowr or normal co2
What is type 2 respiratory failure?
Low pO2 and high pa CO2
What can cause a large arteriolar alveolar gradient?
V/Q mismatch, Diffusion limitation, shunt right to lefft
What causes high altitude pulmonary oedema physiologically?
pulmonary vasoconstrction.
What can cause lung disease?
Genes environment, infection, cancer autoimmune disease, thromboembolism
What is transfer factor?
diffusing capacity, looking at uptake of CO during a breath hold then look at expired concentrations.
What does arterial alveolar gradient show?
MEasure of efficuency of transfer of the oxygen from lveolus to the arteroile
Why is arteriol alveolar important?
shows lung function and can show a problem where things look normal
What can cause respirartory failure?
Low oxygen delivery, airways obstruction, gas exchange/diffusion limitation, ventilation/perfusion mismatching, alveolar hypoventilation
What can cause type 1 respiratory failure?
Pneumonia pulmonary embolism
What can cause type 2 respiratory failure?
Emphysema Neuromuscular disease
What types of failure cause type 2 failure?
Airways obstruction, alveolar hypoventilation