Respiratory Flashcards
**Chest assessment - percussion yields what?
Decreased sound over areas of fluid, dullness, thud. Can be used to differentiate area/edges.
Solid organs and fluid - dullness
What is a pleural effusion?
Accumulation of fluid within the pleural space.
Not a disease but a condition associated with various diseases.
*What are the two types of pleural effusions?
Transudative & Exudative
**Which is it?
Transudative or Exudative
Occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or low plasma oncomic pressure.
CHF(90% of cases)increased hydrostatic pressure
Cirrhosis(due to decreased on oncotic pressure -albumin)
No intrinsic dysfunction of capillary walls. It is ultra filtrate plasma
Low protein and LDH (water)
Transudative
**Which is it?
Transudative or Exudative
Results from pleural/lung disease.
-Capillary protein leak, impaired drainage, inadequate removal of protein.
Occurs due to inflammation and increased capillary permeability.
Pneumonia, cancer, TB, viral infection, PE, autoimmune, empyema.
Pneumonia and Malignancy are the two most common causes.
High in protein and LDH (pus)
Exudative
What is a hemothorax?
Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.
What is a chylothorax?
Lymphatic fluid, milky pus in pleural space.
What is a parapneumonic effusion?
Pleural effusion the arises as a result of a pneumonia, lung abscess or bronchiectasis. Three types: uncomplicated (respond well to treatment), complicated and emphysema.
What are the layers of lung/pleura?
Lung - visceral pleura (attached to lung tissue)- parietal pleura - endothoracic fascia
Fluid can build up between these two pleura.
Which lung is more likely to become infected?
Right
What lung lobe is most common in alcoholics to become infected?
RIght Upper Lobe to aspiration in supine position.
Aspiration pneumonia what not to pick on test
C pap
Cpap causes increased or decreased pep?
Increased
Are chest tubes one way or two?
One way with a water seal.
List some aspiration risk factors:
Decreased LOC, sustained supine position
What is pneumonitis?
Acute lung injury following the aspiration of regurgitated gastric contents.
Dysphasia means?
Swallowing difficulties.
Neoplasia means?
Uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control. Can be classified as benign or malignant.
What is chemical pneumonitis?
Inflammation of the lung caused by aspirating or inhaling irritants. Not infectious. Examples include vomitus, chlorine gas, ingested gasoline.
What are the most common causes of pleural effusions?
CHF Malignancy PE Pneumonia Tuberculosis
**What are some clinical features of pleural effusions?
- *- dyspnic when effusion volume reaches 500cc
- diminished breath sounds
- dullness to precision
All dependant on size of effusion.
