Respiratory

Question 1

**Chest assessment - percussion yields what?

Answer 1

Decreased sound over areas of fluid, dullness, thud. Can be used to differentiate area/edges.

Solid organs and fluid - dullness

Question 2

What is a pleural effusion?

Answer 2

Accumulation of fluid within the pleural space.

Not a disease but a condition associated with various diseases.

Question 3

*What are the two types of pleural effusions?

Answer 3

Transudative & Exudative

Question 4

**Which is it?
Transudative or Exudative

Occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure or low plasma oncomic pressure.
CHF(90% of cases)increased hydrostatic pressure
Cirrhosis(due to decreased on oncotic pressure -albumin)

No intrinsic dysfunction of capillary walls. It is ultra filtrate plasma
Low protein and LDH (water)

Answer 4

Transudative

Question 5

**Which is it?
Transudative or Exudative

Results from pleural/lung disease.
-Capillary protein leak, impaired drainage, inadequate removal of protein.
Occurs due to inflammation and increased capillary permeability.
Pneumonia, cancer, TB, viral infection, PE, autoimmune, empyema.
Pneumonia and Malignancy are the two most common causes.

High in protein and LDH (pus)

Answer 5

Exudative

Question 6

What is a hemothorax?

Answer 6

Accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity.

Question 7

What is a chylothorax?

Answer 7

Lymphatic fluid, milky pus in pleural space.

Question 8

What is a parapneumonic effusion?

Answer 8

Pleural effusion the arises as a result of a pneumonia, lung abscess or bronchiectasis. Three types: uncomplicated (respond well to treatment), complicated and emphysema.

Question 9

What are the layers of lung/pleura?

Answer 9

Lung - visceral pleura (attached to lung tissue)- parietal pleura - endothoracic fascia

Fluid can build up between these two pleura.

Question 10

Which lung is more likely to become infected?

Answer 10

Right

Question 11

What lung lobe is most common in alcoholics to become infected?

Answer 11

RIght Upper Lobe to aspiration in supine position.

Question 12

Aspiration pneumonia what not to pick on test

Answer 12

C pap

Question 13

Cpap causes increased or decreased pep?

Answer 13

Increased

Question 14

Are chest tubes one way or two?

Answer 14

One way with a water seal.

Question 15

List some aspiration risk factors:

Answer 15

Decreased LOC, sustained supine position

Question 16

What is pneumonitis?

Answer 16

Acute lung injury following the aspiration of regurgitated gastric contents.

Question 17

Dysphasia means?

Answer 17

Swallowing difficulties.

Question 18

Neoplasia means?

Answer 18

Uncontrolled growth of cells that is not under physiologic control. Can be classified as benign or malignant.

Question 19

What is chemical pneumonitis?

Answer 19

Inflammation of the lung caused by aspirating or inhaling irritants. Not infectious. Examples include vomitus, chlorine gas, ingested gasoline.

Question 20

What are the most common causes of pleural effusions?

Answer 20

CHF
Malignancy
PE
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis

Question 21

**What are some clinical features of pleural effusions?

Answer 21

• *- dyspnic when effusion volume reaches 500cc
• diminished breath sounds
• dullness to precision

All dependant on size of effusion.