Respiratory

Question 1

Name the two types of β2 adrenergic receptor agonists and their structural modification and the importance of said structural modification.

Answer 1

1. Short-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonists -SABA (1 point) are modified with the addition of 2 methyl groups (0.5 points) which allows for selectivity (0.5 points).
2. Long-acting β2 adrenergic receptor agonists -LABA (1 point) are modified with the addition of a long lipophilic side chain (0.5 points) which allows the molecule to insert into the cell membrane and inhibit degradation (0.5 points).

Question 2

2. Describe the mechanism of action of β2 agonists to relax smooth muscles (2 marks).

Answer 2

Answer: the β2 agonists bind to the β2 adrenergic receptors (0.5mark) that lead to the removal of calcium (0.5mark) through the calcium channels, and the activation of myosin-light-chain phosphatase (0.5mark) to dephosphorylate thin filaments (0.5mark).

Question 3

name and describe 2 airways

Answer 3

The two airway structures are the conducting airways (0.5 mark) which enable air to flow from the mouth into the respiratory airways (0.5 mark), and the respiratory airways (0.5 mark) which contain alveoli that enable gas exchange (0.5 mark).

Question 4

2. Name the type of drug used to treat mild asthma and explain the mechanism of action of this drug (2 marks).

Answer 4

Short acting B2-adrenergic receptor agonists (SABAs) (0.5 marks).

SABAs bind to the B2 adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells, causing release of cAMP (0.5 marks).

This leads to removal of Ca2+ via calcium channels (0.5 marks) and activation of MLC phosphatase that dephosphorylates thin filaments.

These actions result in smooth muscle relaxation, opening airflow in the lungs and relieving asthma symptoms (0.5 marks).

Question 5

2. Describe two requirements for smooth muscle contraction, one for thick filament function and the other for thin filament function. (1 point for each function)

Answer 5

Contraction requires intracellular Ca2+ to activate thick filaments (1 point)

Contraction requires myosin-light-chain-kinase activity to phosphorylate thin filaments (1 point)

Question 6

1. How do B2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists work to relieve asthma?
   a. bind to B2-Adrenergic Receptor on Alveolar type II cells to release cAMP
   b. bind to B2-Adrenergic Receptor on Alveolar type II cells to inhibit cAMP
   c. bind to B2-Adrenergic Receptor on Smooth muscle cells to release cAMP
   d. bind to B2-Adrenergic Receptor on Smooth muscle cells to inhibit cAMP
   c. bind to B2-Adrenergic Receptor on Mast cells to release cAMP

Answer 6

c. bind B2R on smooth muscle cell to release cAMP

Question 7

What type of protein is a common allergen and found in many common household dust particles?

a) Kinase
b) Protease
c) Phosphatase
d) DNA Ligase
e) Transferase

Answer 7

protease

Question 8

1. Which of the following is NOT part of the mechanism of action for B2-adrenergic receptor agonists?

Removal of Ca2+ from the cytosol via calcium channels
Activation of MLC phosphatase to dephosphorylate thin filaments
More cAMP released due to the binding of B2-adrenergic receptors on smooth muscle cells
Activation of MLC kinase to phosphorylate thin filaments
Smooth muscle relaxation due to increased activity of B2 receptors in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

Activation of MLC kinase to phosphorylate thin filaments

Question 9

2. Name and describe the 2 major mechanisms of acid damage in gastric pathophysiology (2 marks).

Answer 9

Peptic Ulcer Disease [0.5 marks]:
Disequilibrium in stomach due to increased acid and decreased mucous [0.5 marks]
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disorder (GERD) [0.5 marks]:
Retrograde acid reflux movement into the esophagus which can lead to esophageal damage [0.5 marks]

Question 10

2. Describe the two mechanisms through which corticosteroids treat asthma?

Answer 10

Answer: Trans-repression - The corticosteroid binds to the glucocorticoid receptor and prevents the translocation of inflammatory TFs to the nucleus, reducing inflammation. Trans-activation - The corticosteroid binds to the glucocorticoid receptor and that complex can bind to the glucocorticoid response element in the nucleus to increase the transcription of anti-inflammatory proteins.

Question 11

1. Multiple Choice: Asthma occurs due to inflammation of:
   a. Alveolar ducts
   b. Alveolar sacs
   c. Conducting airways
   d. Respiratory bronchioles
   e. Transitional bronchioles

Answer 11

c

Question 12

1) What are some risk factors for asthma that were covered in class?

Answer 12

genetics, smoking, viral infection

Question 13

side effect of inhaled corticosteroids for treatment of inflammation in asthma patients?

Answer 13

dysphonia, obesity, infection, osteoporosis

Question 14

symptoms asthma

Answer 14

intermittent wheezing, coughing, shortness breath

Question 15

how allergens can cause the release of granules containing mediators

Answer 15

Allergens/ proteases degrade epithelium

1- Allergens make contact with mast cells at IgE recetpors

Question 16

What are two effects mediators released by mast cells upon recognition of allergen? (2)

Answer 16

Airway smooth muscle contraction (1), inflammation (1).

Question 17

What are the side effects of beta-2 agonists?

Answer 17

agitation, tremor, tachycardia

Question 18

how does smooth muscle contraction occur?

Answer 18

inhibition of contractile mechanism, removal contractile stimulus

Question 19

Describe what occurs in the body during hyperactivity caused by bronchoconstriction.

Answer 19

Exposure to allergen causes smooth muscles in the airways to contract which limits airflow to the respiratory airways for gas exchange. Inflammation and edema further close off the conducting airways.