Obesity/Diabetes Flashcards
insulin
secreted by beta cells in centre of islets
binds IR in PM activates cascade which signals GLUT-4 containing vescile to fuse with membrane, allows for cellular uptake glucose
{decreases blood glucose}
glucagon
secreted by alpha cells in periphery
binds glucagon receptors in hepatocytes, causes liver glycogen-> glucose
{increases blood glucose}
Type 1
hypersensitivty response to beta cells= T cells destroy them, so can’t produce insulin
symptoms= thirst, pee, dry skin, hungry, blurry, drowsy
cause= unknown (genetics x enviro)
treatments: insulin injections
SE: hypoglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis
risk from T1D
- increase blood ketone levels from lipolysis, increase blood acidity
symptoms: Kussmaul breathing, hyperkalemia
Bolus Injection
short acting: Insulin Regular (30-60 min before meal)
rapid-acting: insulin glusiline, insulin lispro, insulin aspart
Basal insulin
keep glu levels consistent in fasting
intermediate acting: insulin isophane
long-acting: insulin gargine, determir
T2D
insufficient insulin production + insulin resistance
cause = genetics x lifestyle
symptoms= polydipsia, polyphagia, weightloss
can develop Hyperosmolar Hyperglyemic State
- increased glucose = increased plasma osmolarity =
sulfonylurea
glyburide, glimepiride
increase insulin release from beta cells
biguanide
metformin
inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
acarbose
inhibit breakdown of starch/dissarchardie to glucose absorption from intestine
thiazolidineodiones (TZD)
Rosiglitazone, pioglitazone
activate PPARgamma receptors which regulate transcription of insulin responsive genes involved in control of glucose production, transport, utilization
incretin mimetics
GLP-1= exanatide
incretin stimulates insulin secretion after meal
GLP produced by ileum, bind beta cells and stimulate glu release
