Cardiovascular

Question 1

Factors that affect bp

Answer 1

Cardiac Ouput (blood volume, HR+ contractility, venous tone)
X
Total Peripheral Resistance (diameter of blood vessels esp. arterioles)

Question 2

systolic bp

Answer 2

highest pressure when heart contracts

Question 3

diastolic

Answer 3

lowest pressure when heart relaxes

Question 4

average bp

hypertension

Answer 4

120/80 mmHg

hyper: 140/90 mmHg

Question 5

types hypertension

Answer 5

1. SBP Only
   - stiff arteries
   - > 50
2. DBP only
   - narrowing arterioles
   - < 40 years
3. SBP + DBP
   - combo causes

Question 6

risk factors hypertension

Answer 6

obesity
lack fruit/veg
lack exercise
diabetes

Question 7

pathophysiology of HT

Answer 7

upregulattion of renin-angiotension-aldosterone system

(Increase angiotensin = increase vasoconstriction,

increase aldosterone = increase Na + water absoprtion = increase volume

SNS stimulation = increase hr, contractility, vasoconstriction which increases TPR and CO

Question 8

ACE inhibitors

Answer 8

catopril 
inhibit ACE, block conversion to Ang2
decrease vasoconstriction
decrease aldosterone secretion
decrease Na reabsorption
decrease SNS activity

Question 9

ACE inhibitor SE

Answer 9

dry cough
hyperkalemia
angioedema
cogenital malformations
oligohydraminos (deficient amnionic fluid)

Question 10

ARBS (angiotensin receptor blockers)

Answer 10

losartan

block AT receptor, prevent ang 2 action
used when ppl can’t tolerate ACE

Question 11

ARB se

Answer 11

dizziness, hyperkalemia, contraindicated in pregnancy

Question 12

thiazide diurectics

Answer 12

thiazide type = hydrocholorothizide

thiazide-like = clorthalidone
- longer HL, more potent

both prevent reabsorption NA/Cl in distal tube
reduces BV
decreases peripheral resistance

Question 13

thiazide SE

Answer 13

hypokalemia (combine with ACE, reduce risk)

hyperuricimia
hyperglycemia

Question 14

CCB- Ca channel blocker

Answer 14

1. dihydropyridine= amlodipine
2. phenylakylamines= verapamil
3. benzothiazepine = diltiazem

1 = vascular selective
2= cardiac selective
3=both

inhibit VGLCA2+C to decrease Ca influx, decreases constriction arteries, decreases hr

Question 15

CCB SE

Answer 15

dihydros = headache, flushing, edema

non-dihydros= bradycardia, constipation