Respiratory Flashcards
Stem cells of the lungs are?
Type 2 pneumocytes.–> They give rise to Type 1 and Type 2 pneumocytes BOTH.
Club cells are a regenerative source for which type of cells?
Club cells are non-ciliated cells themselves but regenerate ciliated cells in the terminal bronchiole.
Club cells are also called clara cells.
Autopsy examination of the lungs shows protein-rich fluid within the alveolar airspaces.What is the pathology?
This means, ARDS. There will be the following characteristics of lunch autopsy:
- Protein-rich fluid in alveolar spaces.
- Hyaline Membrane.
What barrier is broken down in ARDS? And what makes that barrier?
(Asked in uworld)
In ARDS, the alveolar-capillary barrier is broken down. The alveolar capillary barrier is made by Type 1 pneumocytes and endothelial cells of the capillary.
Which cells of the lung release elastase?
Alveolar Macrophages release proteinases to phagocytose foreign material.
Type 1 pneumocytes are _________, where as Type pneumocytes are ____________.
Type 1 pneumocytes are—> Squamous Cells.
Type 2 pneumocytes are—-> Cuboidal.
How is the surfactant related to the collapsing pressure?
Learn it like a story:
Suractant decreases surface tension (surf sey saaf kero farsh, tou tension kam hoti hai_—-> Decrease surface tension means decreased collapsing pressure.
Collapsing pressure is indirectly propotional to the radius of alveoli, so during EXPIRATION alveoli are small and hence the collapsing pressure is high.
(Imagine collapsing pressure as a hand trying to squeeze a balloon to burst out its air.)
Surfactant affects what properties of the lung?
- Decreases surface tension (surface tension kam hai, touw collapsing pressure kam hai)
- Decreases lung recoil (asked in uworld)
- Increases lung compliance.
(Surf maarnay sey tension bhee kam hoti hai, aur coils bhee remove ho jaatay hein, aur insaan kay collapse honay ka bhee khatra nahyin hota.)
Cause of NRDS in a diabetic mother and in C-section delivery?
In a diabetic mother—-> due to INCREASED FETAL INSULIN.
In a C-section delivery—-> due to DECREASED fetal glucocorticoids.
(Fetus mein masla hai, tou fetus ka hee cause hoga.)
Treatment of NRDS post-delivery is supplemental 02. What are the complications of this treatment?
- Retinopathy of prematurity–> Asked so many times in uworld–> Also called RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA/abnormal retinal neovascularization that extends into vitreous.
(Fibro-means fibrous tissue which includes vessels–> retina mein vessels ki growth) - Intraventricular Hmg—-> Now, they won’t say kay IVH ho gaya hai bachay go they’ll give you clues like:
Hypotonia
Hypotension
Bulging anterior fontanelle in a PREMATURE kid.
Aur they can ask the source of Hmg–> Germinal matrix in subventricular zone.
What the last zone of the respiratory tree where goblet cells are found?
Goblet cells end before terminal bronchioles–> No gobbling at the terminal, clara ordered.
(Goblet cells are last found in larger bronchioles)
What you need to know about different levels of the respiratory zone and their composition.
- Goblet cells are NOT PRESENT IN TERMINAL bronchioles. (No gobbling at the terminal)—> They are present in larger bronchioles.
- Cartilage+ Submucosal and Serous Glands—–> NOT PRESENT IN THE BRONCHIOLES. They are last seen in distal most-bronchi.
- Cilia are last to disappear. They are seen in respiratory bronchioles. (Cilia needs a respirator)
A person with HPV, has an increased risk in getting infection in which particular tissue of the respiratory system?
HPV has a predilection for stratified squamous epithelium, which is found in the anal canal, vagina, and cervix.
And stratified squamous epithelium in the respiratory system is only found in TRUE VOCAL CORDS.
Airway resistance is maximum in which part of the respiratory tree?
In large or medium-sized BRONCHI
(Bronchi—> do so much CHI CHI—> buhat resist kertay hein bhaee)
will have the smallest diameter—> because resistance is too much here.
Lingula is the remnant of?
Lingula in the left lung is homologous to RIGHT MIDDLE LOBE.
Dependant lung segments for aspiration?
Right lung-more common.
PUSL–> posterior segment of upper lobe, superior segment of lower lobe.
Which lobe of right lung will be damaged if intercostal space 4 is damaged?
Intercostal space 4.
(And at the back, for both lungs–> lungs before ICS4 are upper lobes, and below ICS4 are lower lobes.
(663 of internet FA)
Right middle lobe can also be damaged—> mid axillary line at 4 ics.
After a surgery done, the patient comes to you with complains of:
- Delayed gastric emptying
- Gastric hypochlorhydria
Which nerve is damaged and which surgery was performed?
Surgery to repair diaphragmatic hiatus or during fundiplication of stomach–> Vagus nerve that passed through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm is damaged. Hence, the symptoms.
Diaphragmatic openings?
T8–> VIP–> IVC opening, right phrenic nerve at central tendon (VIP people are always right and centre of attention)
T10–> VLOG–> Esophagus, left gastric vessels, Vagus Nerve trunks.
T12—> ATA—> Aorta, thoracic duct, Azygous vein
Which conditions are characteristic of an increased A-a gradient?
Fabric was limited, and mismatching ki waka sey rul gayay.
Fabric was limited—-> Diffusion limited such as in fibrosis, emphysema
Mismatching—> V/Q mismatching
RUL–> Right to left shunts.