Eye Flashcards
Buzz Words in Vignettes related to Fundoscopic findings:
Grayish discoloration of the retina/macule with adjacent hemorrhages–>
Subretinal drusen deposits/confluent drusen/thickening of Basement membrane/small yellow yellow retinal lesions clustered in the macula/ fatty tissue deposition in behind the retina–>
Blurred Optic disc margins–>
Characteristic bone-spicule pattern around vessels, Retinal vessel attenuation, Optic disc pallor–>
Pale Retina and Cherry-Red Macula–>
scattered retinal microaneurysms, dot-and-blot hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots, as well as new blood vessel formation—>
yellow-white, fluffy retinal lesions near the retinal vessels associated with hemorrhage—>
flame shaped hemorrhage/ copper silver wiring of vessels–>
Grayish discoloration of the retina/macule with adjacent hemorrhages–> Wet Macular Degeneration due to increased VEGF
Subretinal drusen deposits/confluent drusen/thickening of Basement membrane/small yellow yellow retinal lesions clustered in the macula/ fatty tissue deposition in behind the retina–> DRY age-related macular degeneration
Blurred Optic disc margins–> Papilledema/increased ICP.
Characteristic bone-spicule pattern around vessels, Retinal vessel attenuation, Optic disc pallor–> Retinitis pigmentosa (loss of cones and hence, decreased peripheral vision)
Pale Retina and Cherry-Red Macula–> Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO)
scattered retinal microaneurysms, dot-and-blot hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots, as well as new blood vessel formation—> Microangiopathic diabetic proliferative Retinopathy (due to increased VEGF),
yellow-white, fluffy retinal lesions near the retinal vessels associated with hemorrhage—> CMV retinitis in HIV patients.
flame shaped hemorrhage/ copper silver wiring of vessels–> Hypertensive retinopathy.
What’s the difference in fundoscopic findings of Dry Diabetic Retinopathy VS Wet Diabetic Retinopathy?
Same.
But NEOVASCULIRATION OF RETINAL VESSELS WILL ONLY BE SEEN IN WET.
Keyser Fleisher rings in the eye are associated with atrophy of which structure of the brain?
Atrophy of Basal Ganglia.
Loss of Red reflex/ White pupillary reflex seen?
This means that there is OPACITY OF THE LENS or cornea, or a retinal problem
Can be due to Cataract, Retinoblastoma, retnal detachement
How do you diagnose that which part of the pupillary reflex is damaged?
- Write right and left eyes on a paper, and then check their direct and consensual responses:
CN2–> is important for CONSENSUAL because it goes to pretectal and from there sends signals to both eyes’ EW nuclei.
CN3—> receives input from EW Important for both direct and consensual.
Marcus Gunn Pupil, and Argyl Robertson pupils?
Marcus Gunn/APD–> Seen in Optic neuritis of Multiple sclerosis–> trouble picking up light—> diagnosed on swinging flash light test.
Argyl-Robertson pupil—> prostitute’s pupil (Prostitutes accomodate)—> Accomodation is normal, but pupillary reflex deficit–> seen in tertiary syphillis.
(Pretectal nucleus affected, pretectal nucleus is a part of pupillary but not a part of accomodation)
What is seen in CN3 palsy and why?
- Ptosis occurs due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae, and the unopposed action of the lateral rectus (CN VI) and superior oblique (CN IV) muscles leads to a “down-and-out” gaze.
- Parasympathetic fibers of CN III innervate the iris sphincter and ciliary muscle. Paralysis of these fibers causes a fixed, dilated pupil and loss of accommodation.
CN 3—> parasympathetic fibres–> sphincter pupillary–> constricts.
CN2—> sympathetics fibres–> dilates pupil, retracts lid.
CN2–> Optic tract—> pretectal nucleus—> Pretectal nucleus sends to BOTH side’s EW nucleus. (important for consensual light reflex),
2 people are horny so sympathize with each other. (Horner’s, sympathetic ganglion, carried by CN2)
CN3—-P-ANS–> constricts, and retracts lid via levator palpebri supriorus.
MLF is located in—->
CN3 nucleus is located in–>
MLF, CN6 nucleus is in medial pons. CN3 nucleus (oculomotor)---> Medial midbrain.
