Respiratory Flashcards
What does diminished breath sounds mean?
Decreased air entry
Reduction of intensity of breath sounds during auscultation
What causes diminished breath sounds locally?
Paralysis of thoracic musculature
Collapsed lung
Pleural effusions
Bronchial occlusion
What causes diminished breath sounds general sources?
Hyperinflation
Obesity
Hypoventilation
What are adventitious sounds and some examples?
Any sound over the lung fields that are abnormal, crackles, wheezes, stridor, rales, pleural friction rub
Name the adventitious sound: continuous, course rustling sound, narrowing of bronchi
Wheezes
Name the adventitious sound: high pitched, severe, creaking sound, turbulent air flow
Stridor
Name the adventitious sound: Rattling/crackling sounds, lower pitched, collapsed alveoli
Course crackles
Name the adventitious sound: rales, brief popping high pitched collapsing of alveoli
Fine crackles
Name the adventitious sound: squeaking/grating sound, loss of lubrication to pleural layers
Pleural friction rub
List types of abnormal voice sounds
Bronchophony
Whispered pectoriloquy
Egophony
What are three obstructive pulmonary diseases?
Sleep apnea
Asthma
COPD
What is sleep apnea and where does it effect the body?
Upper airway obstruction during sleep
What is COPD an umbrella term for?
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
What is chronic bronchitis?
Affects airways Obstruction Chronic inflammation Excess mucous Decreased airflow and ventilation
What is emphysema?
Over inflation Increased dead space CO2 retention Decreased 02 Increased RR
What are risk factors for COPD?
Smoking
Age occupation
Previous resp disease
What are common clinical manifestations for COPD?
Congested cough Dyspnea Activity intolerance Low O2 Increased RR Wheezing Increased CO2 levels
What is FVC an example of, what does it stand for, and what is it?
An example of pulmonary function testing. Forces vital capacity. It is the amount of air that can be quickly and forcefully exhaled after maximum inspiration
What is normal FVC?
> 80%
What does FEV1 stand for and what is it? What is the normal?
Amount of air exhaled in 1st second of FVC.>80%
What are the symptoms of mild chronic bronchitis?
2 year coughing
Less than 3 months sputum
What are the symptoms of mild emphysema?
None
What are the symptoms of moderate chronic bronchitis?
Increased coughing/sputum
Recurrent chest infections or bronchitis
What are the symptoms of moderate emphysema?
SOB
What are symptoms of severe chronic bronchitis?
Wheezing
Recurrent infections
CHF symptoms
Cyanosis
What are symptoms of severe emphysema?
Severe SOB
Barrel shaped chest
What are bronchodilators?
Long & short acting
Decreases bronchial construction & bronchospasm
What are corticosteroids?
Lower inflammation in the body, improve FEV1
What are anticholinergics?
Blocks the action of ach,decrease smooth muscle tightening
When are Beta 2 agonists used?
During acute escalations (treat asthma), relaxes smooth muscle, bronchodilates
What are non pharmaceutical interventions for COPD?
Pursed lip breathing Diaphragmatic breathing DB&C Chest percussion & vibration Postural drainage
What is carbon dioxide narcosis?
CO2 poisoning or intoxication.
What is the tx for carbon dioxide narcosis?
Titration supplemental O2 to lowest effective dose
What is COPD related polycythemia?
abnormally elevated amount of RBC
What causes COPD related polycythemia?
Low levels of O2
What does COPD related polcythemia result in?
Increased hematocrit and hemoglobin
What does COPD related polycythemia trigger?
Triggers the kidneys to abnormally produce erythropoietin
What does COPD related polycythemia out the ot at risk for?
Blood clots
What is cor pulmonale?
Abnormally increased pressure to the right side of the heart and arteries in the lungs
What does cor pulmonale cause?
Right sided heart dysfunction
What does cor pulmonale manifest as?
Chest pain, peripheral edema, organ dysfunction, jugular venous distension
What is acute exacerbation of COPD?/ resp distress
An acute life threatening condition where the resp system has inadequate gas exchange
What are the priority interventions of AECOPD?
reassess vs and ABC Semi Fowler’s Give O2 Assess resp system and neurological Administer bronchodilator/corticosteroids
What are the clinical manifestations of asthma?
SOB Chest tightness Wheezing Coughing Prolonged expiratory phase
