Cardiovascular Flashcards
What is CO?
measurement of cardiac efficiency
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute
What is the formula for CO?
CO= stroke volume x HR
What SVR (SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE)
the pressure caused by systemic circulation
What are murmurs?
Blowing or swooshing sound
What causes murmurs?
High blood flow rate through normal or abnormal orifices Forward flow through a narrowed or irregular or into a dilated vessel Backward flow (regurgitation) through an incompetent valve
What are systolic murmurs?
Associated with aortic and pulmonic valves
What are diastolic murmurs?
Associated with tricuspid and mitral valves
What’s the equation for BP?
SVR + CO
What’s pre htn?
120-139/80-89
What is grade 1 HTN?
140-159/90-99, mild
What is grade 2 HTN?
Moderate, 160-179/100-109
What is grade 3 HTN?
Greater than 180/>110
What factors contribute to the development of HTN?
SNS stimulation
H2O & Na retention
Insulin resistance
Renin angiotensin mechanisms
What are level one treatments for htn?
Weight reduction
Decrease Na intake
I’m ease physical activity
Decrease alcohol consumption
What are the goals of level 2 treatment of HTN?
Lower SVR and CO
What are level two treatments of HTN?
Thiazide dieuretics
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Beta blockers
What does HTN play a major factor in the function of?
Brain, kidneys, eyes, peripheral vascular system
What does HF include?
Abnormal condition with impaired cardiac pumping
Changes of vasoconstriction and fluid retention
Any mechanisms affecting CO
Ventricular dysfunction
Decreased exercise tolerance and quality of life
Shortened life expectancy
What are primary risk factors of HF?
Diabetes, high cholesterol, HTN, obesity, smoking, poor diet
What is the number one cause of HF?
HTN
What is the number two cause of HF?
CAD
What is the third cause of HF?
Cardiomyopathy
What are the three types of cardiomyopathy?
Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive
What causes dilated cardiomyopathy?
HTN Alcohol Diabetes Obesity Infections
What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Uncontrolled HTN
What cause restricted cardiomyopathy?
Tumours
Cancer
Disease of the heart muscle
Where does chronic HF affect?
Heart musculature
Which side of the heart does chronic HF affect?
Can effect both R and L
What is acute HF?
Inability to meet body’s oxygen demand
Is acute HF left sided or right?
Left
What are the two types of HF?
Right sided HF
Left sided HF
What are causes of left sided HF?
CV disease Previous MI Valve disease Congenital disease Arrhythmias HTN Cardiac infection
What are complications of left sided HF?
Pulmonary edema
Resp distress
Life threatening arrhythmias
Valve dysfunction
What are causes of right sided HF?
Left sided HF
Lung disease
Pulmonary valve stenosis
Tricuspid valve disease
What are complications of right sided HF?
Severe anemia Renal failure Hepatic failure Blood clots Chronic venous stasis
What are common clinical manifestations bw both types of HF?
Fatigue SOB trouble sleeping Chest pain Tachycardia Nocturia
What is the goal of therapy for chronic Hf?
Improve CO
What does acute HF manifest as?
Pulmonary edema
What does early stage of acute HF look like?
Increased RR
Decreased Pa02
What does a later stage of acute heart failure look like
Tachypnea
Respiratory acidosis
