Endocrine Flashcards
What is diabetes?
Disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin supply or poor utilization of insulin
What are the most common types of diabetes?
Type 1 and type 2
Pre diabetes
Gestational diabetes
What people are at high risk for diabetes?
Hispanic Asian African First Nation
Is being younger than 40 a risk factor for diabetes?
F
Do you have a higher risk for diabetes if you have a first relative with it?
T
Does having vascular disease put you at risk for diabetes?
T
Do you have a lower risk if you have a Hx of gestational diabetes?
F , higher
Is hypotension a risk factor for diabetes?
F it’s HTN
Are you at higher risk of you dyslipidemia and are overweight and with schizophrenia?
T
Where is the insulin hormone produced?
Islets of Langer Hans in pancreas
How does insulin affect BG?
Lowers
What’s a stable range of glucose?
4-6 mmol /L
What is the average amount of insulin secreted daily p?
40 to 50 units
What hormones oppose the effects of insulin?
Glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol
How do glucagon epinephrine, cortisol and growth hormone oppose the effect of insulin?
Increase BG by stimulating glucose production ans output by the liber and decreasing movement of glucose into the cells
Insulin promotes glucose transport from the..
Bloodstream to cell membrane
How does glucose enter the cell?
Insulin receptor accepts unsound, glucose channel opens, glucose flows in
What does high cortisol levels cause?
High glucose levels
What happens when insulin levels are constantly high?
Cells become insulin resistant
What is insulin resistance?What occurs as a result?
Insulin no longer fits into insulin receptor. Less glucose enters the cells, cells are starved of glucose.
How does the body compensate for lack of glucose p?
Body produces more insulin, allowing only half the glucose in bc the fit of the insulin is poor
Why is having high insulin levels a bad thing?
High insulin levels cause obesity bc insulin stores fat
What is type 1 diabetes p?
Progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells, beta cells store and release insulin, immune system attacks beta cells. There is no insulin being released to move glucose into cells leading to hyperglycaemia. Bc body can’t use sugar it’s expelled in urine
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?
Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (extreme hunger)
Polyurea (excessive urination)
What is required to sustain life in type 1 diabetes pts?
Exogenous insulin
What disease lead up to type 2 diabetes p?
Metabolic syndrome
Pre diabetes
What is metabolic syndrome e
Insulin resistance Increased waist circumference High BP high triglycerides Low HDL cholesterol
How to reverse metabolic syndrome?
Smoking cessation Lowering BP Reducing glucose levels Weight reduction Increase physical activity Healthy diet
What are the two types of pre diabetes?
Impaired fasting glucose
Impaired glucose tolerance
What is impaired fasting glucose?
BG levels high after fasting
What is impaired glucose tolerance?
Insulin resistance
What is type 2 diabetes
Pancreas produces insulin
But is poorly utilized by tissues
How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed?
Fasting plasma glucose level of greater than 7 mmol/l
Random plasma glucose level great 11.1 mmol L
Why can insulin not be taken orally?
Inactivated by gastric juices
How does exercise affect BG?
Increases insulin sensitivity and lowers BG
What are symptoms of hyperglycaemia?
Thrust Hunger Dry skin Nausea Blurred vision Frequent ruination Drowsiness
