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BDS 1 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What gases go in and out in the pulmonary and systemic circuit?

A

Pulmonary- oxygen in and co2 out.

Systemic- co2 in and oxygen out.

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2
Q

Why is co2 more diffusible in blood than o2?

A

The pressure gradient of oxygen is greater than co2.

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3
Q

What is the metabolic co2 and o2 level?

A

co2-40ml/L

o2-50ml/L

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4
Q

What are the anatomical and physical properties of the respiratory system that allow for gas diffusion?

A
  • large surface area for gas exchange
  • large partial pressure gradients
  • gases with advantageous diffusion properties
  • specialised mechanisms for transporting gases between lungs and tissues
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5
Q

How do you calculate the total pressure?

A

Partial pressure (pressure of one particular gas) + Tensions of gas.

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6
Q

What measurement (mmHg) is atmospheric sea level pressure (barometric pressure)?

A

760mmHg.

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7
Q

How do you calculate the partial pressure of a gas?

A

Partial pressure of gas (Pgas) = fraction of gas (Fgas) in gas mixture x barometric pressure (Pb).

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8
Q

What is the partial pressure of water vapour at body temp?

A

47mmHg.
*PIO2 = (Pb – PH2O) x FO2
= (760 – 47 mmHg) x 0.21
=150 mmHg or torr IN TRACHEA

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9
Q

For each mmHg of PO2 there is what volume of 0xygen in 100ml of blood?

A 
For each mmHg of PO2 there is 0.003ml O2/100 ml blood.
Arterial blood (PaO2) = 100mmHg: contains 0.3 ml O2/100ml blood (3ml O2/litre of blood).
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10
Q

What is the cardiac output for strenuous exercise (L/min)?

A

30L/min.

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11
Q

Why do we need more oxygen in the blood that is not dissolved?

A

Arterial blood contains 3ml O2/litre of blood x 30 (CO) = 90 ml/min.
BUT tissue requirements may need 3000 ml O2/min.
Second O2 transport system in place: Haemoglobin.

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12
Q

Revise haemoglobin.

A

2 alpha, two beta chains.
Iron in reduced form- this is where oxygen binds.
280 billion haem in a red blood cell.
Red blood cells only in capillary for one second.

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13
Q

What is the effect of pH and temperature on binding of haem?

A
  • pH- CO2 released in a pH7.2, CO2 causes more acidity and O2 unbinds from haem.
  • temperature- lungs are at a slightly lower temp which causes o2 to bind to haem. O2 dissociates at a high temperature.
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14
Q

Describe the flat and steep portion of the sigmoid oxygen dissociation curve?

A

The drop from 100-60mmHg has minimal effect on the saturation.
The steep portion of the curve there was a large volume of oxygen released with only a small change in PO2 into tissues.

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15
Q

How many g of haem binds with 1.39ml of oxygen and what is the normal level of haem binding with O2 in blood (Hb/100ml)?

A

1g.

15 Hb/100ml of blood.

O2 capacity is 20.8ml O2/100ml blood.

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16
Q

What is the normal level of CO2 produced in ml/min?

A

200ml/min.

17
Q

What is the respiratory exchange ratio?

A

100 O2 in, 80 CO2 out.

18
Q

What are the percentages of co2 found in the body in three different forms?

A

dissolved- 7% plasma
haem bound- 23%
bicarbonate- 70%.

19
Q

Acidity of the blood is regulated by what?

A

Kidneys and ventilation to adjust PCO2.
CO2 to bicarb pathway regulates the acidity and plays an important trole in the acid base balance of the blood by adjusting H+ ions.

20
Q

What is the rest, walking and severe exercise exchange of oxygen and co2 per minute?

A

Rest- 250ml/min. 200ml/min
Walking- 800. 750
Sever exercise- 5000 6000

21
Q

What is included within the upper airways?

A

Nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx.

22
Q

How many cilia are on one epithelial cell?

A

250.

23
Q

How does the upper airways get rid of debris?

A

The rhythmic beating of cilia moves particles upwards.

24
Q

What is active inspiration and passive expiration? (quiet breathing)

A

ai- diapharm moves down and out and the thoracic cavity lengthens.
pe- elastic recoil, no energy is required. Intercostal muscles relax.

25
Q

What are the inspiratory accessory active muscles called?

A

sternocleidomastoid- attaches onto sternum and pulls outwards, alae nasi- nostrils to flare, genioglossus-moves tongue away from back of mouth.

26
Q

What are the muscles of expiration?

A

internal intercostal muscles (apart from parasternal intercartilagneous muscle), abdominal muscles (rectus abdomens, internal/external oblique and traverses abdomenus).

27
Q

What are the muscles of inspiration?

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenous, parasternal intercartilagenous muscle, external intercostal and the diaphragm,

28
Q

Why does the pleural cavity have a more negative pressure with respect to interpulmonary pressure?

A

To keep alveoli open and to cause the lungs to not collapse.

BDS 1 (14 decks)

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