Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards
What are the two parts of the skeleton?
Neurocranium and vicerocranium.
What composes the neurocranium (bony covering of brain and meninges)?
roof (calvaria), floor (cranial base), eight bones (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, ethmoid and sphenoid).
What bone is known as the passive of time?
Temporal bone.
How many bones are in viscerocranium (facial skeleton)?
14 bones.
What bones are pneumatised and what does this mean?
Frontal, temporal, sphenoid and ethmoid bones. This means that they have air, adds to lightness of skull and vocal resisnence, holds head up.
What is the area where the parietal, sphenoid, frontal and temporal bone join?
Pterion.
What is the mental foreman?
sensory nerve, last branch of inferior alveolar nerve comes out here.
What grows faster in the facial skeleton?
Growth of the facial skeleton takes longer than the calvaria (orbit, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, teeth)
What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve and what does this nerve do?
It provides the sensory innervation of the face and motor innervation for the muscles of mastication. Ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerve.
What are the muscles of the mastication and what are their boundaries?
Masseter-zygomatic arch to mandible.
Medial pterygoid.
Later pterygoid.
Temporalis- frontal/parietal bone to coronoid process of mandible.
How do you clinically test CN5?
6 places when closed eyes to touch, clench teeth and feel under zygomatic arch and the temporal muscle.
How muscles are in the face?
43.
What nerve innervates the muscles of the face (minus the muscles of mastication).
Facial nerve CN7.
What is a fascia?
a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the skin that attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs. Attached to the bone or fascia then to the skin. This allows us to open and close our eyes and raise our eyebrows.
What do the muscles of the upper lip do?
Elevator, retractor and evertors (forward).
What do the muscles of the lower lip do?
Depressors, retractors and evertors.
What is the result of the orbicularis oris not joining together?
Cleft palate/lip.
What does the buccinator muscle do and how do you test the CN for it?
Puffs cheeks out. Forms structure of cheek. Patients with stroke- this is the bit thats effected. Push fluid and food abck into the centre of roal cavity- can cause dribbling.
What is the surgical name given to the removal of the parotid gland?
Parotidectomy.
What is the surgical name given to the building of the face after trauma?
Facial reanimation.
What is bells palsy and who is it named after?
Charles Bell. Facial paralysis on one side. Most common cranial neuropathy (CN7). FOREHEAD NOT PARALYSED IN A STROKE but in BELLS PALSY.
What drug treat bells palsy?
Prednisolone.
What antiseptic fluid is used in parotidectomy?
Betadine antiseptic fluid.
What does facial reanimation treatment depend on?
-level of injury
-duration of paralysis]
Within a year facial muscles and nerves will die. Intermediate/early construction is dynamic and late construction is static.
What surgery is used to fix intermediate facial paralysis?
Hypoglossal- facial anastomosis. Connect facial nerve with hyoglossal to reinnervate facial nerve. Side-to-end anastomosis most popular.
