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Systems 1 Anatomy > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

Which bones articulate with the manubrium

A

Clavicle

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2
Q

What type of joint occurs between the manubrium and the clavicle?

A

Primary cartilaginous Synovial saddle

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3
Q

At what vertebral level is the xiphoid process?

A

T9/10

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4
Q

At what vertebral level is the sternomanubrial joint?

A

T4/5

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5
Q

Which three parts make up the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process

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6
Q

Ribs articulate with which vertebrae?

Which part of the rib with which part of the vertebra?

A

Vertebrae of the same number and the one above
Head - Demi facet
Tubercule - costal facet

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7
Q

Which structures lay in the costal sulcus (groove)?

A

Intercostal VAN (vein, artery, nerve)

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8
Q

Which are the “true” ribs?

A

1-7

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9
Q

Which are the “false” ribs?

A

8-10

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10
Q

Which are the “floating” ribs?

A

11, 12

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11
Q

Vessel lying posterior to the scalene tubercle on the ____ rib?

A

Subclavian artery

First rib

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12
Q

Rib 1 articulate with which vertebra?

A

Trick question, T1 only

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13
Q

Articular facets of ribs articulate with what?

A

Demi-facets of vertebra of corresponding number and vertebra above

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14
Q

Which structures pass through the vertebral foramen

A

Nerve - spinal nerve

Meninges -

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15
Q

The Spinous Process of a thoracic vertebra is:

A

Long, Slender, down-sloping, non-bifid

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16
Q

Which bones form the thoracic inlet?

A

1st Rib
Manubrium
T1

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17
Q

Which bones form the thoracic outlet

A

Rib 11, 12
Costal cartilages 7-10
Xiphoid process

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18
Q

Which ribs form the costal margin?

A

7-10 (false ribs)

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19
Q

Which muscle is primarily used in a newborn’s breathing?

A

Diaphragm

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20
Q

Intercostal muscles used for inspiration, muscle fibre orientation?

A

External Intercostals

Inferoanterior

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21
Q

Intercostal muscles used for Expiration, muscle fibre orientation?

A

Internal and Innermost Intercostals

Inferoposterior

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22
Q

Which direction do innermost intercostal muscle fibres appear ?

A

Vertical

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23
Q

The neuromuscular bundle lies between which intercostal muscles?

A

Intermediate and innermost

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24
Q

In which area of the rib lies the neuromuscular bundle?

A

Costal groove

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25
Q

What happens to the external/internal intercostal muscles at their distal end?

A

Become a thin aponeurosis called intercostal membrane

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26
Q

Innermost intercostal muscles only fill first half of the space, the rest is filled up by what (anteriorly and posteriorly)?

A

Anteriorly - Transversus Thoracis

Posteriorly - Subcostalis

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27
Q

What tissue layer lies between the skin and the external intercostal muscles?

A

Superficial and deep (muscle surrounding) fascia

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28
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin supplied by a certain nerve

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29
Q

Which dermatomes lie over the sternal angle, nipple area, umbilicus and inguinal region, respectively?

A

T2
T4
T10
L1

30
Q

The majority of lymph drains into which lymph nodes?

A

Anterior (pectoral) axillary lymph nodes

31
Q

The (glandular) base of the breast is located between which ribs? Where on the chest?

A

Ribs 2-6

Lateral border of sternum and mid-axillary line

32
Q

What is the structure of the breast?

A

16-20 lobes

Surrounded by extensive adipose tissue

33
Q

Which dome of the diaphragm lies higher in expiration? Why?

A

Right

(Left) heart in way, (right) liver/gall bladder in way

34
Q

Which cardiac structure is firmly attached to the central tendon?

A

Fibrous pericardium

35
Q

To which vertebra are the left crura attached?

A

L1, 2

36
Q

To which vertebra are the right crura attached?

A

L1, 2, 3

37
Q

Which membrane covers the superior surface of the diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

38
Q

What is the name of the central tendon to which the diaphragm is attached?

A

Aponeurosis

39
Q

To which costal cartilages is the diaphragm attached?

A

Ribs 7-12

40
Q

Opening and Vertebral level of such in the diaphragm

A

A - Aorta (12)
E - Oesophagus (10)
I - Inferior vena cava (8)

41
Q 
Which nerve (and corresponding vertebral levels) innervate the diaphragm? 
Afferent or sensory?
A

Phrenic Nerve
C3, 4, 5
Afferent AND sensory

42
Q

What nerves innervate the periphery of the diaphragm? Afferent or sensory?

A

Lower intercostal nerves

Afferent

43
Q

Vertebral level of carina of the trachea?

A

T4

44
Q

Which cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence? What type of cartilage?

A

Thyroid cartilage (hyaline)

45
Q

Which structure stops solids/liquids entering the layngeal inlet? Which type of cartilage?

A

Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)

46
Q

First tracheal cartilage inferior to the Thyroid cartilage is called what?

A

Cricoid cartilage

47
Q

At what vertebral level does the Trachea continue from the larynx?

A

C6

48
Q

How many hyaline cartilage rings comprise the trachea?

A

15-20

49
Q

Which muscle completes the tracheal rings?

A

Trachealis

50
Q

The right bronchi is what COMPARED to the left?

A

Shorter, wider, more vertical

51
Q

The left bronchus passes inferiorly to which vessels?

A

Aorta

Left Pulmonary artery

52
Q

What does the right lung possess that the left lung does not?

A

Middle lobe
Horizontal/transverse fissure
Superior lobar (eparterial) bronchus

53
Q

On which lung surface is the hilum found?

A

Mediastinal surface

54
Q

Which fascial membrane covers the apex of the lung?

A

Suprapleural membrane

55
Q

What enables you to identify a bronchus?

A

Hyaline cartilage plates in wall

56
Q

What are clustered around the veins of the hilum?

A

Bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

57
Q

Which pleura is sensitive to pain?

A

Parietal

58
Q

The parietal pleura is split into 4 parts, name them:

A

Mediastinal, diaphragmatic, costal, apical (cervical)

59
Q

What are parietal reflections (and recesses)?

A

Locations where the parietal pleura changes direction (space of wider separation between pleura at the reflections)

60
Q

Where and at what vertebral levels does the trachea begin and bifurcate?

A 
Cricoid cartilage (larynx)
C6 - T4
61
Q

The lung and parietal pleura sit at which rib-level in:

  1. Midclavicular line
  2. Midaxillary line
  3. Midscapular line
A
  1. 6 and 8
  2. 8 and 10
  3. 10 and 12
62
Q

What is the histological structure of the lumen of the bronchi?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, (hyaline) cartilage layer, adventitia

63
Q

What connective tissue fibre predominates the respiratory tract?

A

Elastin

64
Q

What 2 cell types make up the _______ epithelium of the respiratory tract?

A

Basal cells, Goblet cells

Pseudostratified Columnar Ciliated

65
Q

Which tissues make up the respiratory mucosa?

A

Respiratory Epithelium

Lamina propria

66
Q

What lies in the submucosa?

A

Serous glands

67
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

To constrict the airway during forceful expiration

68
Q

How does hyaline cartilage arrangement differ in the trachea vs bronchi vs bronchioles?

A

Trachea: C-shaped rings
Bronchus: Plates (discontinuous)
Bronchioles: None

69
Q

What are the last components of the conducting airway?

A

Terminal Bronchioles

70
Q

Describe the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles

A

Columnar or cuboidal
No cartilage, glands or goblet cells
Presence of smooth muscle

71
Q

What are the three types of cells in the walls of alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocyte (thin)
Type 2 pneumocyte (surfactant)
Macrophage

72
Q

Which two types of connective fibre predominate in the respiratory lung tissue?

A

Reticular and Elastic fibers

Systems 1 Anatomy (5 decks)

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