Cardiovascular Embryology Flashcards by Peter Savage

What are the 4 stages of heart development?

Primitive heart tube
Heart looping
AV septation
Outflow tract septation

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Which germ layer forms the circulatory system?

Lateral plate splanchic mesoderm

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Where do blood vessels first appear?

Yolk sac
Allantois
Connecting Stalk
Chorion

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What structures canalise to form the primitive heart tube?

Angioblastic cords

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The somatic mesoderm forms which structure?

Parietal and fibrous pericardium

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The splanchic mesoderm forms which structure?

Visceral pericardium

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What is the structure of the primitive heart tube?

Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle 
Atrium
Sinus venosus

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Sinus venosus forms what? Receives blood from where?

Left and right horns

Receives blood from Yolk sac, placenta, and body of embryo

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Which veins drain from the yolk sac?

Vitelline veins

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Which veins drain from the placenta?

Umbilical veins

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Which veins drain from the body of the embryo?

Common cardinal veins

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Aortic arches arise from where?

Aortic sac (from truncus arteriosus)

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Bulbus cordis and ventricle grow faster forming what?

Bulboventricular loop

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What does the endocardial cushion do?

Separates the right AV opening from the left AV opening

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Which septum forms first?

Septum primum

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What is the fate of foramen primum?

Disappears

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What forms foramen ovale?

Foramen secundum and septum secundum

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What is the name of the opening between the septum primum and the endocardial cushion?

Ostium primum

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How is the IV septum completed?

Membranous portion growing from the muscular portion to the endocardial cushion

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What is the role of Foramen ovale?

Allows blood to pass from right to left (skips non-functional lungs)

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What two structures fuse to form fossa ovale?

Septum primum and septum secundum

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What is the most common form of Congenital heart disease?

Ventricular septal defect

membranous most common

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How is bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus partitioned?

Proliferation of mesenchymal cells forming the aorticopulmonary septum

Where it the SA node located?

High in right atrium near opening for SVC

Where is the AV node + bundle?

Cells of AV canal and sinus venosus

The aortic sac forms what?

Aortic arches

Bulbus cordis forms what?

Right ventricle | Parts of outflow tracts

The primitive ventricle forms what?

Left ventricle

The primitive atrium forms what?

Left and Right atrium

Sinus venosus forms what?

SVC | Right atrium

What is transposition of the great vessels associated with?

ASD and VSD | Swapping of the aorta and pulmonary artery

What is the cause of transposition of the great vessels?

Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral | Defective migration of neural crest cells

Tetralogy of fallot is what?

Pulmonary stenosis Ventricular septal defect Dextroposition of aorta Right ventricular hypertrophy

What is vasculogenesis?

New formation of primitive vascular network

What is angiogenesis?

Growth of new vessels from pre-existing vessels

Aortic arches form from what?

Aortic branches and pharyngeal arch arteries

How many aortic arches are there to begin with?

6 pairs

What is the fate of aortic arch 1 and 2?

Form maxillary arteries

What is the fate of aortic arch 3?

Forms the internal carotid artery

What is the fate of aortic arch 4?

Right forms right subclavian artery | Left forms distal aortic arch

What is the fate of aortic arch 6?

Right: right pulmonary artery Left: Ductus arteriosus and left pulmonary artery

What is the fate of ductus arteriosus?

Becomes ligamentum arteriosum

What is an aberrant subclavian artery?

Regression of aortic arch 4, right subclavian artery forms separately and loops behind the oesophagus and trachea

What is a double aortic arch?

Formation of a left and right aortic arch, forming a ring around the trachea and oesophagus - difficulties breathing and swallowing

What is patent ductus arteriosus?

Failure of ductus arteriosus to close

What is the fate of the vitelline veins?

Celiac artery Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery

What is the fate of the umbilical arteries?

Promial: Internal iliac Distal: forms umbilical ligaments

What do the vitelline veins do?

Carry blood from yolk sac to sinus venosus

What do the umbilical veins do?

Originate from chorionic villi, carry oxygenated blood from placenta to the embryo

What do the cardinal veins do?

Drain body of the embryo

What is the fate of the vitelline veins?

Portal veins Liver sinusoids Hepatocardiac IVC

What is the fate of the umbilical veins

Right: degenerates Left: forms ligamentum teres Ductus venosus: ligamentum venosum

What is the fate of the cardinal veins?

IVC and SVC

What are the common venous system abnormalities?

Double IVC Absent IVC Left/double SVC

What is the function of ductus venosus?

Shunts left umbilical vein blood directly to the IVC (bypassing the liver)

What is maternal rubella infection associated with?

Patent ductus arteriosus