Cardiovascular

Question 1

The mediastinum is split into what 4 parts

Answer 1

Superior

Anterior, Middle, Posterior

Question 2

Which bone forms the anterior border of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 2

Manubrium

Question 3

Which vertebrae form the posterior border of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 3

T1-T4

Question 4

Which plane separates the superior and inferior mediastinum?

Answer 4

T4/5 (sternal angle)

Question 5

Where is the thymus found (before puberty)?

Answer 5

Superior mediastinum retrosternally

Question 6

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

Answer 6

5th left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

Question 7

Which chamber(s) form the right border of the heart?

Answer 7

Right atrium

Question 8

Which chamber(s) form the inferior border of the heart?

Answer 8

Left and Right Ventricle

Question 9

Which chamber(s) form the left border of the heart?

Answer 9

Left Ventricle (some atrium)

Question 10

Which chember(s) form the superior border of the heart?

Answer 10

Left and Right atria

also great vessels

Question 11

The heart sits anterior to which thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 11

T5-8

Question 12

The bifurcation of the abdominal aorta occurs at which vertebral level? Becoming what?

Answer 12

L4

Common iliac

Question 13

The bifurcation of the common iliac artery occurs at which vertebral level? Becoming what?

Answer 13

L5

External and Internal Iliac

Question 14

What are the 3 main tributaries of the superior vena cava?

Answer 14

Left and Right Brachiocephalic veins

Azygos vein

Question 15

What are the tributaries of the Inferior vena cava?

Answer 15

Left and Right common iliac veins

Question 16

Into which vein does the hemi-azygos vein drain?

Answer 16

Azygos

Question 17

Which veins are drained by the azygos/hemiazygos veins? Which side?

Answer 17

Posterior intercostal veins
Azygos - right
Hemiazygos - left

Question 18

Anterior intercostal v./a. are drained/supplied by what?

Answer 18

Internal Thoracic Vein/artery

Question 19

Posterior intercostal arteries arise from what?

Answer 19

Descending aorta

Question 20

Which artery gives origin to the Internal Thoracic Artery?

Answer 20

Subclavian artery?

Question 21

Which two veins drain the posterior intercostal veins on the left side?

Answer 21

Hemiazygos vein

Accessory Hemiazygos vein

Question 22

The entire body - the lymphatic duct is drained by WHAT?

Answer 22

Thoracic duct

Question 23

The thoracic duct lies between what on the posterior thoracic wall?

Answer 23

Azygos vein, thoracic aorta

Question 24

The thoracic duct drains into what?

Answer 24

Left Subclavian vein

Question 25

The right lymphatic duct drains into the what?

Answer 25

Medial end of the right subclavian vein

Question 26

The thoracic duct commences where as what?

Answer 26

L1 | Cysterna chyli

Question 27

At which point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

Answer 27

Lateral border of the 1st rib

Question 28

Where does the brachial artery bifurcate into brachial and ulnar aa?

Answer 28

Cubital fossa

Question 29

The external iliac artery bifurcates into what?

Answer 29

Profunda femoris | Superficial femoral

Question 30

At which region of the lower limb does the popliteal artery branch into the ant/posterior tibial aa?

Answer 30

Proximal end of the tibia

Question 31

Dorsalis pedis is a continuation of which artery?

Answer 31

Anterior tibial

Question 32

The posterior tibial aa enters the sole of the foot where?

Answer 32

Inferior to the medial malleolus

Question 33

The femoral vein and deep vein of the thigh (deep veins of the leg) drain into what?

Answer 33

External iliac vein

Question 34

Which veins drain into the popliteal vein?

Answer 34

Posterior tibial Anterior tibial Fibular Short saphenous vein

Question 35

Is the popliteal vein superficial or deep?

Answer 35

Deep

Question 36

Into which vein does the great saphenous vein drain?

Answer 36

Femoral vein

Question 37

Into which vein does the small saphenous vein drain

Answer 37

Popliteal vein

Question 38

Which chamber of the heart is most posterior?

Answer 38

Left atrium

Question 39

Name the layers of the pericardium

Answer 39

Visceral Serous pericardium Parietal serous pericardium Fibrous pericardium

Question 40

Which layer of the heart belongs to the heart and the pericardium simultaneously?

Answer 40

Epicardium/visceral

Question 41

What are the roles of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 41

Protect the heart Prevent over-expansion Anchor it to the walls

Question 42

Which nerves innervate the visceral pericardium?

Answer 42

T1-T4 (cardiac plexus) | Vagus nerve

Question 43

Which nerves innervate the parietal/fibrous pericardium?

Answer 43

Phrenic nerve

Question 44

Which layers of pericardium are sensitive to pain?

Answer 44

Fibrous/parietal

Question 45

Which muscular wall of the atrium is called what?

Answer 45

Muscular pectinati

Question 46

The cardiac veins drain into the right atrium via the:

Answer 46

Coronary sinus

Question 47

The ventricular wall muscles are called what?

Answer 47

Trabeculae carneae

Question 48

What is the function of the moderator band?

Answer 48

Allow coordinated contraction of the papillary muscles

Question 49

What do the papillary muscles attach to? What is their function?

Answer 49

They attach (via chordae tendinae) to the cusps of the AV valves, contract to prevent atrial regurgitation

Question 50

The left coronary artery splits into what?

Answer 50

Left Circumflex | Left anterior descending (interventricular)

Question 51

The right coronary artery splits into what?

Answer 51

Right marginal artery | Posterior interventricular artery

Question 52

From what part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise?

Answer 52

Sinuses of Valsalva | In cusps of aortic valve

Question 53

Which arteries lie in the coronary sulcus?

Answer 53

Right Coronary Artery

Question 54

Which arteries lie in the interventricular sulcus?

Answer 54

LAD | Posterior Interventricular artery

Question 55

What does the right coronary artery supply?

Answer 55

Right A + V AV node and bundle SA node

Question 56

What does the left coronary artery supply?

Answer 56

Both ventricles (including the septum) Left atrium SA node

Question 57

The great cardiac vein lies alongside what?

Answer 57

The LAD artery

Question 58

The middle cardiac vein lies alongside what?

Answer 58

The Posterior descending artery

Question 59

The small cardiac vein lies alongside what?

Answer 59

The right marginal artery

Question 60

All cardiac veins but (what?) drain into what?

Answer 60

(Anterior cardiac veins) | Coronary Sinus

Question 61

The SA node lies near the opening of the ____ in the atrium?

Answer 61

Superior vena cava

Question 62

The AV node lies where?

Answer 62

Inferior part of the inter-atrial septum

Question 63

The bundle of His lies where?

Answer 63

Each side of the ventricular septum

Question 64

Cardiac pain (due to ischaemia) is referred to where? Why is this?

Answer 64

Anterior chest wall, medial left arm | Innervation of the heart returns to T1-T4 spinal nerves

Question 65

What supplies nutrients to the major arteries?

Answer 65

Vasa vasorum

Question 66

Describe the tunica media of muscular arteries

Answer 66

Thin | Elastin replaced with smooth muscle

Question 67

Describe the tunica media of elastic arteries

Answer 67

Thick Dense with fenestrated elastin Few small elastic fibres

Question 68

What separates the tunica media and tunica intima?

Answer 68

Internal elastic lamina

Question 69

What type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Answer 69

Distributing | Elastic

Question 70

Which tissue predominates the tunica media of arterioles?

Answer 70

Smooth muscle

Question 71

Vein valves are formed from what?

Answer 71

Tunica intima