Respiratory

Question 1

What is the likely diagnosis of sudden-onset dyspnoea one hour after a femur fracture?

Answer 1

Fat emboli

Question 2

What are the signs of a PE?

Answer 2

Breathlessness, SUDDEN chest pain and dyspnoea

Question 3

What are the six most common causes of emboli in the lungs?

Answer 3

FATBAT (fat, amniotic fluid, thrombus, bacteria, air, tumour)

Question 4

What is the origin of the majority of emboli that become lodged in the lungs?

Answer 4

DVT!!!!

Question 5

What is the score for the likelihood of DVT and PE?

Answer 5

Wells score

Question 6

What medication is used to prevent DVT?

Answer 6

Heparin

Question 7

What is the management and treatment of DVT?

Answer 7

Low molecular weight heparin or fondaparinus (if impaired kidneys offer unfractionated heparin)

Question 8

What is the hallmark pulmonary function test with obstructive disease?

Answer 8

FEV1 < 80% and reduced FEV1:FVC ratio

Question 9

List examples of obstructive lung disease

Answer 9

1. asthma
2. chronic bronchitis
3. emphysema
4. bronchiectasis

Question 10

List examples of restrictive lung disorders

Answer 10

1. ILD
2. scoliosis
3. neuromuscular cause
4. obesity (pickwickian syndrome)

Question 11

What criteria must a patient meet to have chronic bronchitis?

Answer 11

Chronic productive cough for three consecutive months in atleast two years

Question 12

What is the reid index used for?

Answer 12

Quantifying chronic bronchitis severity

Question 13

What conditions can a1-antitrypsin deficiency cause?

Answer 13

Pan-acinar emphysema and liver cirrhosis

Question 14

A deficiency of a1-antitrypsin results in an increase in the activity of what enzyme?

Answer 14

Elastase