Practice 1 Flashcards
Erythema Nodosum is associated with what conditions?
Streptococcus Infection
Primary infection of TB
Sarcoidosis
IBD
What type of anaemia can be found in patients with Crohn’s disease?
Normocytic, normochromic anaemia - Anaemia of chronic disease
What gender is Carpel Tunnel Syndrome more common in?
Female
What gender is Cubital Tunnel Syndrome (Ulner nerve) more common in?
Males
What are the functions of Bile Salts?
- Emulsification of lipids
- Activation of lipases through optimisation of pH
- Absorption of fat soluble vitamins (B12) due to reabsorption in the terminal ileum
What anti-fungal is used to treat Aspergillus fumigatus, a common fungal infection affecting the lungs in those who are immunosuppressed?
Amphotericin
Can there be a negative culture with infective endocarditis?
Yes. Ride-sided endocarditis and infection with fastidious organisms are causes of negative culture.
Can murmurs be absent in infective endocarditis?
Murmurs are frequently absent - especially for tricuspid disease
What is a recognised associated pulmonary lesion with infective endocarditis?
Pulmonary abscess - septic emboli from the tricuspid valve become lodged in the lung
What is the common causative organism for infective endocarditis?
S. Aureus occurs in 50% of cases follows by strep
Which valve is most commonly affected in infective endocarditis?
Tricuspid valve
What term is used to denote the heart pointing towards the right side of the chest instead of the left?
Dextrocardia
What can indicate a patient has dextrocardia?
Absent apex beat on the left hand side
What is the most likely causative organism for a UTI?
Escherichia coli
What is the most likely causative organism for skin infections?
Staphylococcus aureas
What is the most common cause of food poisoning?
Campylobacter jejuni
What is the most likely causative organism for valvular disease?
Staph aureus
What is the most likely causative organism for valvular disease with previously affected valves (e.g. with Rheumatic fever)
Streptococcus viridans
What is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What is the most common cause of hospital acquired pneumonia
Gram negatives and staph aureus
What are the criteria for diagnosing somatisation disorder?
- Four different pan sites or functions
- Two gastrointestinal symptoms other than pain
- One sexual or reproductive symptom other than pain
- One pseudoneurological symptom
- -> it occurs in children and usually is predisposed by a stressful factor/life event
What is an abdominal migraine?
It is also known as Cyclical vomiting syndrome and is most frequent in adolescents. Violent prolonged vomiting episodes may occur and these are precipitated by stress, menses or intercurrent infections.
Prolonged immobility increases your risk of certain venous conditions such as?
Venous thromboembolism
What is the best test for diagnosing PEs?
CT Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA)
What is a macule?
A small, flat area or spot of discoloured skin usually less than 5mm in diameter
What is a papule?
A small raised area of skin less than 5mm. It usually has a domed top.
What is a maculopapular rash?
It’s a rash combining small flat spots and raised spots on the skin.
What kind of rash presents with measles?
Maculopapular rash.
What is a vesicle?
It is a papule with a fluid-filled centre.
When would you typically find vesicles?
Chickenpox rash and cold sores.
What is a pustule?
It’s a vesicle containing pus (serum, WBC and the causative virus). These are expected in many viral illnesses.
What is a nodule?
It’s a larger swelling on the skin surface usually more than 5mm in diameter, which extends deep into the skin and is firm to touch.
What is petechiae?
Small red-brown flat macules up to 2mm in diameter. They are non-blanching and are caused by tiny spots of blood gathered under the skin’s surface.
Petechiae are characteristic of what?
Meningococcal disease
What is purpura?
Areas of little petechiae joined together, larger and usually more than 2mm.
A 60 year old builder smoked 30 a day for 40 years. Breathlessness, haemoptysis and clubbing. Stony dull percussion.
Carcinoma of the bronchus
What common work place fins asbestos?
Ship yards
A 64 year old shipyard worker lifelong non-smoker has a dull ache on left chest and dyspnoea . Lobular pleural thickening seen.
Mesothelioma is a pleural based lung malignancy associated with earlier asbestos exposure.
Farmer’s lung is an example of what?
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
18 year old cystic fibrosis has a persistent productive cough of purulent sputum, finger clubbing and low-pitched crackles.
Bronchiectasis - cystic fibrosis is a cause of bronchiectasis.
Tramline or ring shadows on CXR indicate what condition?
Bronchiectasis
Patient returned from holiday, has fever and malaise plus left crackles. Relatively normal WBC despite obvious infection.
Legionella pneumophila
What is Legionella pneumophila?
Thin gram negative bacterium causing Legionnaires’ disease or Legionellosis.
How do you treat Legionella?
Macrolides and ciprofloxacin
Name some drugs which are contra-indicated in asthmatics.
Adenosine = wheeze and bronchospasm Diclofenac = NSAID contraindicated Labetalol = b-blocker contraindicated Morphine = release histamines = bronchospasms worse
