respiratory Flashcards
efficiency of the resp system depends on?
the quality and quantity of air inhaled
- patency of air passageways
- ability of lungs to expand and contract
- and ability of o2 and co2 to cross alveolar capillary membrane
circulatory, nervous and musculoskeletal system have important functions in respiration
after oxygen enters bloodstream, it combines with ___In RBC for transport to body cells, w here it is released
hemoglobin
capillaries are lined with single layer epithelium that ____
forms a barrier and transport of gases
also recreates vasodilation substances
what does the Nervous system has to do with the respiratory system ?
regulates rate and depth of respiration by respiratory centre in medulla oblongata, pneumotaxic centre of pons and apneustic centre in the reticular formation
resp center is stimulated by?
inc co2 rate
depth of breathing inc
excessive co2 exhaled
resp acidosis in reg to blood gases? when does this usually occur?
ph<7.35
inc pCo2 and bicarb
COPD and emphysema
resp alkalosis in reg; blood gases? when does this usually occur?
ph>7.35
dec pCo2 and bicarb
hypeventilation
S&S of resp acidosis?
rapid, shallow rests, dec BP with vasodilation, dyspnea, headache, hyperkalemia, dysrtyhmias (inc K), drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation, muscle weakness, hyperrelexia,
S&S of resp alkalosis?
tacky, dec or normal BP, hypokalmeia, numbers and tingling of extremities, hyperrelexes and muscle cramping, inc anxiety and irritability
how does the musculoskeletal system contribute to respiratory system?
Participates in chest expansion and contraction
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles expand the chest cavity
Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles are muscles of expiration
what are some hereidatary risk factors of asthma?
genetic predisposition, atopy, male sex ( <10 years), female sex (adults)
what are some acquired factors that are risk factors for asthma?
indoor allergens, outdoor allergens, irritants (low molecular weight sensitizers eg. tobacco smoke, air pollutants), resp infections e.g.. rhinoviruses, high socio-economic status, small family size, higher body mass index
triggers for asthma?
allergens, air pollutants including tobacco, resp viruses, exercise and hyperventilation, weather changes, extreme emotional expressions, drugs, food and additives
drug therapy for asthma?
broncho-dilators, anti-inflammatories and combinations
what are bronchodilators used for? example? (asthma)
used to prevent and treat bronchoconstriction. example: salbutamol
what are anti-inflm for? example? (asthma)
are used to prevent and teat inflammation of the airways. reduced inflm also reduces bronchocontrivtion by decreasing mucosal edam and mucus secretions.
example inhaled corticosteroid.
what are some combination drugs of bronchodilators and anti-inflm?
example?
long acting beta-agonist (LABA and corticosteroid (ICS) for maintenance
example: budenoside/formoterol most effective (symbicort)
nursing implications for drugs for asthma?
differences between <6yo, 6-18, adult asthma
assess proper use of inhaler and spacer
discuss how o use written action plan
how to assess triggers, modify environment
what consists of the asthma action plan for adults?
green zone (asthma is well controlled), yells zone (asthma symp, take action- flair up) red zone- danger zone
how does COPD usually develop?
develops after long-standing exposure to an airway irritant
T or F - chronic bronchitis and emphysema are included in COPD?
T. they are no longer used on their own but included in the diagnosis of COPD
what are some risk factors for COPD?
susceptibility genes
exposure to inhaled particles (tobacco smoke, dusts, indoor air pollution from heating and cooking with biomass in poorly ventilated dwellings, outdoor pollutions)
female gender, age, resp infections, poor lung growth and development, oxidative stress, poor nutrition, low SE status, comorbidites
what is the key risk factor for COPD?
cumulative exposure to noxious particles
what are the 2 major groups of drugs for COPD?
bronchodilators and anti-inflm drugs
what do adrenergic drugs do? what kind of drugs are they?
stimulate beta2 adrenergic receptors in the smooth muscle of bronchi and bronchioles. increased cAMP produces brochodilation
**some adrenergic drugs stimulate beta1 adnergic receptors as well causing an inc heart rate and force of contraction (albuterol for example)
other examples of adrenergics?
epinephrine, albuterol, and formoterol and salmertol, bitoerol, adn pirbuterol, isoproterenol, metaproterenol, and terbutaline